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Planting and Growing Black-Eyed Susans

Black-eyed Susans (Rudbeckia hirta)in a field

Black-eyed Susans (Rudbeckia)

Image Credit:
Flower_Garden/Shutterstock
Botanical Name
Rudbeckia hirta and other species
Grown as
Perennial
USDA Zones
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
7a
7b
8a
8b
9a
9b
Toxicity
Non-toxic
Sun Exposure
Full Sun
Partial Sun
Water Needs
Moderate
Height
1–3 feet
Spread
1–3 feet
Soil pH
Neutral
Bloom Time
Summer
Fall
Flower Color
Orange
Red
Yellow
Special Features
Container-Friendly
Cut Flower
Erosion Control
Long Blooming
Low Maintenance
Winter Interest
Attracts Butterflies
Attracts Pollinators
Attracts Songbirds
Deer-resistant
Rabbit-resistant
Resilience
Clay Soil Tolerant
Cold Hardy
Drought-Tolerant
Heat-Tolerant
Plant Type
Flowers
Written By: Catherine Boeckmann Executive Digital Editor and Master Gardener

Beloved by pollinators, black-eyed Susans (Rudbeckia hirta) generally bloom from June to September (or longer!), often blanketing open fields with their golden-yellow beauty. 

Learn how to care for this native wildflower, when to cut it back, and how to save seeds for replanting.

The “black eye” of black-eyed Susans refers to the dark brown center of their daisy-like flower heads. A member of the aster family, Asteraceae, and native to eastern North America, they have become naturalized in Zones 3 to 9. While some species of black-eyed Susans have additional names, such as Gloriosa daisies, they all belong to the Rudbeckia genus. The popular Rudbeckia hirta is treated as a short-lived perennial.

Buy Seeds Now

Field of bright yellow black-eyed Susan flowers.
Black-eyed Susans are a natural for hot weather. 

Black-eyed Susans grow 1 to 3 feet tall or more, with leaves 6 inches long, stalks over 8 inches long, and flowers 2 to 3 inches in diameter. In the garden, they do well in landscapes, borders, butterfly gardens, or containers. They are also outstanding cut flowers.

Butterflies, bees, and other insects are attracted to the flowers for the nectar. As they drink the nectar, they move pollen from one plant to another, causing it to grow seeds that can move about easily with the wind. “The Silvery Checkerspot butterfly uses Rudbeckia species as a host plant,” explains the University of Maryland. “Seed is consumed by songbirds, especially goldfinches.”

Planting

When to Plant Black-eyed Susan

  • Set new plants out in the spring after all danger has passed, or plant in the fall. The optimal soil temperature for germination is 70° to 75°F. Do not plant in the hot summer.
  • If planting by seed, sow seeds about 6 weeks before the average last frost.

Where to Plant Black-eyed Susan

The black-eyed Susan thrives in full sunshine. It tolerates partial sun, but it will not bloom as reliably. It’s best if the soil is fertile (not poor), though this plant can tolerate tough conditions.

How to Plant Black-eyed Susan

  • Plants should be set 18 inches apart. Remove weeds and loosen the soil. Make a hole a few inches wider than the plant and set it in the hole; backfill it with soil, tamp gently, and water it well.
  • If planting from seed indoors, sprinkle seeds on top of the regular seed starting mix. Do not cover the seeds, as they need light to germinate. Plant your seedlings outdoors after any danger of frost has passed. Since black-eyed Susans can spread between 12 and 18 inches, plant seeds closer to prevent lots of spreading, or plant further apart to make a nice border and to prevent the spread of disease.
  • Black-eyed Susan spreads by self-seeding (after the first year) and underground rhizomes; this can result in it overtaking other nearby flowers.
Black-eyed Susans in a garden
Though short-lived as perennials, Rudbeckia hirta self-seeds readily. Credit: Mariia Boiko

Growing

  • Check plants regularly to see if they need watering. Avoid letting them dry out, and avoid excess moisture on the leaves, as this can encourage disease. (Provide plants with proper spacing.)
  • Deadhead the flowers any time of year (remove the faded/dead flowers) to prolong blooming and minimize self-seeding.
  • Remove dead plant material in the spring to reduce the risk of infection.
  • Divide perennial types every 3 to 4 years to ensure healthy plants and prevent excessive spreading.

Should You Cut Back Black-Eyed Susans?

When it comes to black-eyed Susans, we prefer to delay cutting back until spring. 

  • This plant is a favorite with wildlife, native insects, and birds with its dried seeds.
  • In addition, overwintering birds find protection in plant stubs and ground covers.
  • Plus, the mound of foliage will insulate the roots and protect the plant over winter. 

However, black-eyed Susans are a big reseeder. To avoid this, cut the spent flowers back just below the mound of foliage.

Harvesting

Cut flowers for display just before buds completely open. Use large blooms as centerpieces and smaller ones as accents. Change the water every day to keep them fresh. Vase life is 8 to 10 days.

How to Collect Seeds of a Black-eyed Susan

Once the seed heads are dry and brown, it’s time to clip some stems. Pop off the seed heads from the stems and toss them in a small jar; close the lid and shake it to loosen the seedheads. Then, dump the seed heads from the jar into a sieve with a white piece of paper below it. Break up the seed heads in the sieve with your fingers. The seeds will come off and fall through the sieve onto the paper! Fold the paper in half and carefully funnel those seeds into a paper envelope. Close and label the envelope and store it in a cool, dry place. 

Learn more about how to save seeds for next year.

Pests and Problems

Black-eyed Susans are deer-resistant plants.

Black-eyed Susans are Sun worshipers who forgive neglect and are tough as nails. However, avoid overcrowding these plants or watering their leaves (vs. soil level), which can lead to fungal disease.

Diseases: powdery mildew, aster yellows, Botrytis blight, southern blight, angular leaf spot, fungal leaf spot, downy mildew, rust, white smut, Verticillium wilt.
Pests: aphids, nematodes, slugs, and snails

Types

As well as the traditional black-eyed Susans, which grow 1 to 3 feet tall (or more), there are dwarf varieties that reach no more than 1 foot (perfect for containers). Varieties can be annual, biennial, or perennial.

The popular roadside Rudbeckia hirta with showy yellow flowers is a biennial in the wild but is treated as a short-lived perennial in the garden. It self-seeds abundantly, naturalizing easily. If you sow seeds 6 weeks before the last frost date, you’ll see flowers in the first year, and they may return a few more seasons (but you can’t always count on it). Some of its many hybrids include:

  • ‘Autumn Colors’: yellow, orange, red, and brown flowers; 18- to 24-inch stems
  • ‘Becky Mixed’: lemon-yellow, golden-yellow, dark red, and reddish-brown flowers; 10- to 16-inch stems
  • ‘Prairie Sun’: All-America Selections winner; 4- to 6-inch bright orange flowers that fade to yellow at the tips; 28- to 33-inch stems. See AAS winning Rudbeckia varieties!
  • ‘Sonora’: large golden flowers with big, chocolate-brown centers; 12- to 16-inch stems
  • ‘Toto Gold’: dwarf type; classic yellow flowers with black centers; 12- to 16-inch stems; ideal for containers

There are also true, long-lasting perennials that will keep coming back and blooming year after year.

  • ‘Goldsturm’ black-eyed Susans (R. fulgida ‘Goldsturm’), known for their longevity and a regular plant in late summer and fall gardens
  • ‘Sweet’ black-eyed Susans (R. subtomentosa), bearing taller flowers and ideal for a more naturalized garden or meadow
  • ’Gloriosa Daisy’ (R. hirta ‘Gloriosa’), 12 to 36 inches tall and tolerates partial shade; giant, bi-color double flowers.

Finally, some Rudbeckia varieties are annuals, such as the Clasping Sunflower (R. amplexicaulis), a low-growing plant for the front of a border garden.

Wit and Wisdom

  • Black-eyed Susans are meant to symbolize justice. Find out more flower meanings here.
  • The genus name Rudbeckia honors Swedish scientists Olaus Rudbeck (1630–1702) and his son, Olof Rudbeck (1660–1740).
  • The species name hirta means “hairy” and refers to the short bristles that cover the leaves.
  • Black-eyed Susans are the state flower of Maryland.

Flowers

About The Author

Catherine Boeckmann

Catherine Boeckmann

Executive Digital Editor and Master Gardener

Catherine Boeckmann loves nature, stargazing, and gardening so it’s not surprising that she and The Old Farmer’s Almanac found each other. She leads digital content for the Almanac website, and is also a certified master gardener in the state of Indiana.

Read more from Catherine Boeckmann

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Comments

<a title="View user profile." href="/author/editors">The Editors</a> Thu, 07/16/2015 - 14:07

It is likely the seeds didn't take or were eaten by something. Germination takes 7 to 30 days. Black-eyed Susan seeds should be planted when the soil temperature has reached 70 degrees F for best seed germination. If the weather where you are was like where we are, it was June before we had temps that high this year!  

 <span>Sheri Cialfi</span> Sat, 07/11/2015 - 15:20
I have large landscaped bank, over 3 years ago we had it professionally landscaped which included a large amount of BES, they bloomed each year and grew in size. This year none of the black eyed susan's came up through the entire bank, other flowers bloomed but none of the BES? Some leaves came up but nothing else? I don't know if they are dead for next year and if I need to replant or if there was reason none of them came up? Help. I live in CT and we had a lot of snow, some say that may have been the reason but everything else came up? Help. I am not sure if I need to replant all new ones next year?
<a title="View user profile." href="/author/editors">The Editors</a> Mon, 07/13/2015 - 16:12

Black eyed Susans are biennial plants. The first year they grow the leaves and the second year they bloom, self seed, and die. You may have cut off the flowers last year before they had a chance to reseed.

 <span>Wisconsin Gardner</span> Sat, 06/27/2015 - 13:20
I have a clump of perennial BES - not sure if it is from roots or reseeding. The variety is native to WI, blooms in August, currently about 2 ft tall. Is it OK to divide now ( late June / early July )? Also, I have some seeds harvested last fall, over wintered in the refrigerator, is it too late to plant?
<span>Kayla Malikowski</span> Mon, 06/15/2015 - 13:07
I planted 2 small BES seedlings in May in a 12" pot. They have really shot up and seem to be flourishing although no blooms yet. Should I separate them, or will they live happily together in the same pot until next year? Should I be pruning them in some way?
<a title="View user profile." href="/author/editors">The Editors</a> Tue, 06/16/2015 - 15:14

BES want to run and spread and live life to the fullest. In a container, they will end up pot bound: Their roots will grow in a tight circle around the inside of the container and the seedling will remain stunted. Plant them outside, in the sun. However, if that's not possible, at least give the a bigger pot. And next year or maybe in two years, plan to repot them again. Or free them into the ground.

 <span>Mj Thomas</span> Sun, 06/14/2015 - 15:53
Hi, the landscaper cut my BES the other day, there are still a couple leaves left, is there any chance of them coming back and flowering this year?
<span>Linda P.</span> Wed, 06/10/2015 - 21:10
I transplanted BES last fall (North GA) and they have come up, I think, but the stems are more like smoothe stalks with vertical ridges, very large and they have not bloomed as of June 10. I'm beginning to wonder if they are indeed BES. I have seen beautiful beds of BES this year and they don't have these huge stalks. Also, they are all over the 25 ft. bed and I only planted them at one end. The tops of one 2-foot plant have shriveled leaves. Have I been nurturing a weed? The plant I dug up from another part of my yard did not have this huge stalk. The leaves look like BES.
<a title="View user profile." href="/author/editors">The Editors</a> Fri, 06/12/2015 - 12:49

Hi Linda,

Here are some photos of BS. Compare your stalks to the ones in the photos.

https://www.prairiemoon.com/seeds/wildflowers-forbs/rudbeckia-hirta-black-eyed-susan.html

BS is a biennial and doesn't bloom every year. It does reseed itself. So after a few years you will have blooms every year.

 <span>Anonymous</span> Sat, 06/06/2015 - 04:31
I live in North Dakota and got 2 black-eyed susans from a greenhouse. They were already a few inches tall and flowering when I brought them home. I've had them outside for a few weeks now. The flowers that were on it are gone and there aren't any new ones. I have had it in a spot that gets full sun. What am I doing wrong? This is the third time I've tried black-eyed susans and I can't seem to get them to thrive. Also, would they be considered annual or perennial this far north? Thanks!