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Planting and Growing Black-Eyed Susans

Black-eyed Susans (Rudbeckia hirta)in a field

Black-eyed Susans (Rudbeckia)

Image Credit:
Flower_Garden/Shutterstock
Botanical Name
Rudbeckia hirta and other species
Grown as
Perennial
USDA Zones
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
7a
7b
8a
8b
9a
9b
Toxicity
Non-toxic
Sun Exposure
Full Sun
Partial Sun
Water Needs
Moderate
Height
1–3 feet
Spread
1–3 feet
Soil pH
Neutral
Bloom Time
Summer
Fall
Flower Color
Orange
Red
Yellow
Special Features
Container-Friendly
Cut Flower
Erosion Control
Long Blooming
Low Maintenance
Winter Interest
Attracts Butterflies
Attracts Pollinators
Attracts Songbirds
Deer-resistant
Rabbit-resistant
Resilience
Clay Soil Tolerant
Cold Hardy
Drought-Tolerant
Heat-Tolerant
Plant Type
Flowers
Written By: Catherine Boeckmann Executive Digital Editor and Master Gardener

Beloved by pollinators, black-eyed Susans (Rudbeckia hirta) generally bloom from June to September (or longer!), often blanketing open fields with their golden-yellow beauty. 

Learn how to care for this native wildflower, when to cut it back, and how to save seeds for replanting.

The “black eye” of black-eyed Susans refers to the dark brown center of their daisy-like flower heads. A member of the aster family, Asteraceae, and native to eastern North America, they have become naturalized in Zones 3 to 9. While some species of black-eyed Susans have additional names, such as Gloriosa daisies, they all belong to the Rudbeckia genus. The popular Rudbeckia hirta is treated as a short-lived perennial.

Buy Seeds Now

Field of bright yellow black-eyed Susan flowers.
Black-eyed Susans are a natural for hot weather. 

Black-eyed Susans grow 1 to 3 feet tall or more, with leaves 6 inches long, stalks over 8 inches long, and flowers 2 to 3 inches in diameter. In the garden, they do well in landscapes, borders, butterfly gardens, or containers. They are also outstanding cut flowers.

Butterflies, bees, and other insects are attracted to the flowers for the nectar. As they drink the nectar, they move pollen from one plant to another, causing it to grow seeds that can move about easily with the wind. “The Silvery Checkerspot butterfly uses Rudbeckia species as a host plant,” explains the University of Maryland. “Seed is consumed by songbirds, especially goldfinches.”

Planting

When to Plant Black-eyed Susan

  • Set new plants out in the spring after all danger has passed, or plant in the fall. The optimal soil temperature for germination is 70° to 75°F. Do not plant in the hot summer.
  • If planting by seed, sow seeds about 6 weeks before the average last frost.

Where to Plant Black-eyed Susan

The black-eyed Susan thrives in full sunshine. It tolerates partial sun, but it will not bloom as reliably. It’s best if the soil is fertile (not poor), though this plant can tolerate tough conditions.

How to Plant Black-eyed Susan

  • Plants should be set 18 inches apart. Remove weeds and loosen the soil. Make a hole a few inches wider than the plant and set it in the hole; backfill it with soil, tamp gently, and water it well.
  • If planting from seed indoors, sprinkle seeds on top of the regular seed starting mix. Do not cover the seeds, as they need light to germinate. Plant your seedlings outdoors after any danger of frost has passed. Since black-eyed Susans can spread between 12 and 18 inches, plant seeds closer to prevent lots of spreading, or plant further apart to make a nice border and to prevent the spread of disease.
  • Black-eyed Susan spreads by self-seeding (after the first year) and underground rhizomes; this can result in it overtaking other nearby flowers.
Black-eyed Susans in a garden
Though short-lived as perennials, Rudbeckia hirta self-seeds readily. Credit: Mariia Boiko

Growing

  • Check plants regularly to see if they need watering. Avoid letting them dry out, and avoid excess moisture on the leaves, as this can encourage disease. (Provide plants with proper spacing.)
  • Deadhead the flowers any time of year (remove the faded/dead flowers) to prolong blooming and minimize self-seeding.
  • Remove dead plant material in the spring to reduce the risk of infection.
  • Divide perennial types every 3 to 4 years to ensure healthy plants and prevent excessive spreading.

Should You Cut Back Black-Eyed Susans?

When it comes to black-eyed Susans, we prefer to delay cutting back until spring. 

  • This plant is a favorite with wildlife, native insects, and birds with its dried seeds.
  • In addition, overwintering birds find protection in plant stubs and ground covers.
  • Plus, the mound of foliage will insulate the roots and protect the plant over winter. 

However, black-eyed Susans are a big reseeder. To avoid this, cut the spent flowers back just below the mound of foliage.

Harvesting

Cut flowers for display just before buds completely open. Use large blooms as centerpieces and smaller ones as accents. Change the water every day to keep them fresh. Vase life is 8 to 10 days.

How to Collect Seeds of a Black-eyed Susan

Once the seed heads are dry and brown, it’s time to clip some stems. Pop off the seed heads from the stems and toss them in a small jar; close the lid and shake it to loosen the seedheads. Then, dump the seed heads from the jar into a sieve with a white piece of paper below it. Break up the seed heads in the sieve with your fingers. The seeds will come off and fall through the sieve onto the paper! Fold the paper in half and carefully funnel those seeds into a paper envelope. Close and label the envelope and store it in a cool, dry place. 

Learn more about how to save seeds for next year.

Pests and Problems

Black-eyed Susans are deer-resistant plants.

Black-eyed Susans are Sun worshipers who forgive neglect and are tough as nails. However, avoid overcrowding these plants or watering their leaves (vs. soil level), which can lead to fungal disease.

Diseases: powdery mildew, aster yellows, Botrytis blight, southern blight, angular leaf spot, fungal leaf spot, downy mildew, rust, white smut, Verticillium wilt.
Pests: aphids, nematodes, slugs, and snails

Types

As well as the traditional black-eyed Susans, which grow 1 to 3 feet tall (or more), there are dwarf varieties that reach no more than 1 foot (perfect for containers). Varieties can be annual, biennial, or perennial.

The popular roadside Rudbeckia hirta with showy yellow flowers is a biennial in the wild but is treated as a short-lived perennial in the garden. It self-seeds abundantly, naturalizing easily. If you sow seeds 6 weeks before the last frost date, you’ll see flowers in the first year, and they may return a few more seasons (but you can’t always count on it). Some of its many hybrids include:

  • ‘Autumn Colors’: yellow, orange, red, and brown flowers; 18- to 24-inch stems
  • ‘Becky Mixed’: lemon-yellow, golden-yellow, dark red, and reddish-brown flowers; 10- to 16-inch stems
  • ‘Prairie Sun’: All-America Selections winner; 4- to 6-inch bright orange flowers that fade to yellow at the tips; 28- to 33-inch stems. See AAS winning Rudbeckia varieties!
  • ‘Sonora’: large golden flowers with big, chocolate-brown centers; 12- to 16-inch stems
  • ‘Toto Gold’: dwarf type; classic yellow flowers with black centers; 12- to 16-inch stems; ideal for containers

There are also true, long-lasting perennials that will keep coming back and blooming year after year.

  • ‘Goldsturm’ black-eyed Susans (R. fulgida ‘Goldsturm’), known for their longevity and a regular plant in late summer and fall gardens
  • ‘Sweet’ black-eyed Susans (R. subtomentosa), bearing taller flowers and ideal for a more naturalized garden or meadow
  • ’Gloriosa Daisy’ (R. hirta ‘Gloriosa’), 12 to 36 inches tall and tolerates partial shade; giant, bi-color double flowers.

Finally, some Rudbeckia varieties are annuals, such as the Clasping Sunflower (R. amplexicaulis), a low-growing plant for the front of a border garden.

Wit and Wisdom

  • Black-eyed Susans are meant to symbolize justice. Find out more flower meanings here.
  • The genus name Rudbeckia honors Swedish scientists Olaus Rudbeck (1630–1702) and his son, Olof Rudbeck (1660–1740).
  • The species name hirta means “hairy” and refers to the short bristles that cover the leaves.
  • Black-eyed Susans are the state flower of Maryland.

Flowers

About The Author

Catherine Boeckmann

Catherine Boeckmann

Executive Digital Editor and Master Gardener

Catherine Boeckmann loves nature, stargazing, and gardening so it’s not surprising that she and The Old Farmer’s Almanac found each other. She leads digital content for the Almanac website, and is also a certified master gardener in the state of Indiana.

Read more from Catherine Boeckmann

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Comments

<span>Glenna Evilsizer</span> Sat, 10/24/2020 - 10:06
This past spring I had planted a lot of black eyed susan seeds and runners I had purchased from the garden center and a ton of small leaves about 3-5 inches tall appeared but not any flowers at all. How many seasons does the plant need to mature enough to grow the flowers? I am a gardner who wants instant gratification and waiting for them to mature is hard. I love Blackeyed Susans but may need to find them already potted to plant in my flower garden?
<span>Glenna Evilsizer</span> Sat, 10/24/2020 - 10:00
While at a home supply store about a year ago looking for a product to repel deer (north/mid Michigan) the garden supply agent told me while the sprays work fairly well he had another good idea and took me to the closet supply area and gave me a box of moth balls. He told me to throw a few around the flower bed every few weeks/months and it should help to deter the deer. The deer had eaten all of my new tulips that spring and I was heart broken. Anyway, I was willing to try the moth balls and it DID work. I have the rare occasional deer foot print in the flower bed but no new chewing damage noticed. Just want to share. Mind you, I do not have any pets that are allowed into that area nor do I have any small children in my home or my neighbors. So its a win/win for me.
<span>Rick Rios</span> Mon, 09/28/2020 - 15:59
I have very healthy growing forest of black eyed susans. I do not mind them leaching out into other areas. What end of season care should I take to best winterize them. Do I leave them alone, trim them or cut them to the ground? Vancouver Washington, USA
<a title="View user profile." href="/author/editors">The Editors</a> Wed, 09/30/2020 - 16:41

Hi Rick, Black-eyed susans are one of those perennials that you can simply leave alone through the fall for winter interest and for the birds to enjoy. 

However, if you don't want to leave it, cut back the perennial to two inches above the ground.

See more about cutting back perennials.

 <span>James Odonnell</span> Wed, 09/09/2020 - 14:10
when to transplant plants or is it best to sow seeds. Have a friend that wants these flowers. the ones that we have see to be taking over and even jumped the sidewalk to get into another flower bed
<a title="View user profile." href="/author/editors">The Editors</a> Fri, 09/11/2020 - 10:41

We would either plant small transplants in the fall or we'd start seeds indoors about 4 to 6 weeks before the last spring frost date.  The flowers seem to handle transplanting well enough from seedling, and tend to bloom stronger and healthier than directly-sown seeds.  If you sow inside, ensure the seeds aren’t covered too heavily with soil. Again, they need the light to germinate. Keep seeds and seeding moist, but not soggy.

You can certaily sow seeds, too, and these flowers self-sow so they pick up from seed pretty easily. Just note that it could take a year for the seed to bloom so this requires more patience. To sow: Sprinkle the seeds on top of regular seed starting mix about six weeks before the last frost date. Do not cover the seed as they need light to germinate. Plant your seedlings outdoors after any danger of frost has passed.

 <span>Diep</span> Tue, 08/11/2020 - 22:02
Hi, Deers and rabbits love munching on my flowers. I use two products that seem work very well. One is deers and rabbits repellent spray. But it smells very strongly bad. The second one is hot pepper spray. I made it from boiling the seeds of Thai red chillies. I sprayed on my garden. They ate one and didnt come back for 3 years. They came back this year and I sprayed the pepper liquid again and it seems like they havent come back. Hope it helps.
<span>Claudio J Amaral</span> Mon, 07/20/2020 - 19:37
its a losing battle every year. I spray, spray and spray but they always eat the buds a few days before blooms.
<span>Penny</span> Tue, 07/14/2020 - 02:51
I moved and replanted a black eyed susan about 5 years ago and where I put it it seems to have put out runners and now it is taking over my landscaping. How do I get rid of the runners and just keep the main plant. The previous spot was bound by sidewalk and stayed in the original spot.
<a title="View user profile." href="/author/editors">The Editors</a> Fri, 07/17/2020 - 10:14

Black-eyed Susans can spread via seeds and underground rhizomes. To prevent spreading, deadhead the flowers before they set seed. As to controlling the spreading of rhizomes, that is more difficult. As you may have found, if you don't get every piece, chances are that section of rhizome (a modified stem) that is left will produce another plant. Here are suggestions from the Purdue Cooperative Extension as to how to combat this problem:
1) Provide a large area of mulch around the mother plant. Keep up with digging up any rhizomes that spread from that mother plant (several times each growing season).
2) Another option would be to replant the mother plant in a container (with drainage holes) and put the container in the ground, with the rim about 2 inches above the soil surface. Check periodically to make sure rhizomes do not escape the container. Every year or two, prune the roots to keep the plant confined in its container, or repot as needed.
3) A third option would be to insert a barrier (or collar) around the plant, such as a section of deep-walled bottomless pipe about 8 to 18 inches deep, to prevent rhizomes from spreading.
In the meantime, use a garden fork to expose current rhizomes and then gently remove them from the soil.

Hope this helps!