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How to Grow Cauliflower: Plant, Grow & Harvest Like a Pro

white cauliflower growing the garden
Image Credit:
Pixabay
Botanical Name
Brassica oleracea
Grown as
Biennial
Toxicity
Non-toxic
Sun Exposure
Full Sun
Water Needs
Moderate
Height
1–3 feet
Spread
1–3 feet
Soil pH
Neutral
Bloom Time
Spring
Flower Color
White
Special Features
Container-Friendly
Resilience
Clay Soil Tolerant
Cold Hardy
Plant Type
Vegetables
Written By: Catherine Boeckmann Executive Digital Editor and Master Gardener

Cauliflower may look fancy, but it’s really just cabbage in disguise! Whether you’re after classic white or craving purple or orange flair, this cool-season crop is a garden standout. 

Just give it some sunshine, steady temps, and a little TLC—and it’ll reward you with nutty, tender heads perfect for roasting, ricing, or sneaking into mac and cheese. Ready to grow your own superfood? Let’s get planting!

This vegetable’s name comes from the Latin words caulis, for cabbage, and floris, for flower. It’s a descendant of wild cabbage! Like its cousin broccoli, the tightly bunched florets of cauliflower are connected by a thick core, often with a few light leaves surrounding it.

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Though usually white, cauliflower also comes in other colors, including purple, yellow, and orange. No matter the color, the taste is the same: mild, slightly sweet, and a little nutty.

Cauliflower can be a challenge for beginner gardeners because it requires consistently cool temperatures in the 60°Fs. Otherwise, it may prematurely “button”—form small, button-size heads—rather than forming a single, large head.

Planting

Cauliflower should be grown in a spot that gets full sun (6 to 8 hours of sunlight per day). Lack of sunlight may produce thin, leggy plants and subpar heads. In summer, shade plants from the hot sun, if necessary.

Soil needs to be very rich in organic matter; mix aged manure and/or compost into the bed before planting. As an alternative, apply 5-10-10 fertilizer to the planting site. Fertile soil helps to prevent heads from buttoning.

When to Plant Cauliflower

  • Cauliflower grows best as a fall crop (cool weather is best for head formation), but can be grown in spring, too.
  • We suggest buying cauliflower seedlings (aka “transplants”) versus starting them from seed, as cauliflower can be finicky.
  • Spring Planting:
    • If you start from seed, sow seeds indoors 4 to 5 weeks before the last spring frost date.
    • Plant seedlings outdoors 2 to 4 weeks before the last spring frost date.
  • Fall Planting:
    • Plant a fall crop 6 to 8 weeks before the first fall frost date, but after daytime temperatures are regularly below 75°F.

How to Plant Cauliflower

  • Sow seeds in rows 3 to 6 inches apart and up to ½ inch deep.
  • Set plants 18 to 24 inches apart with 30 inches between rows.
  • In early spring, be ready to protect plants from frost by covering them with old milk jugs, if necessary. Extreme cold can halt growth and/or form buttons.
  • Water consistently during germination and growth. Add mulch to conserve moisture.

cauliflower growing in the garden

Growing

  • Cauliflower dislikes any interruption to its growth. Change, in the form of temperature, moisture, soil nutrition, or insects, can cause the plants to develop a head prematurely or ruin an existing one.
  • Water regularly with 2 inches of water per square foot each week; even with normal rainfall, cauliflower usually requires supplemental watering.
  • For best growth, side-dress the plants with a high-nitrogen fertilizer 3 to 4 weeks after transplanting.
  • Note that the cauliflower will start out as a loose head and that it takes time for the head to fully form. Many varieties take at least 75 to 85 days from transplant. Be patient!
  • Brown heads indicate a boron deficiency in the soil. Drench with 1 tablespoon of borax in 1 gallon of water. (Avoid getting boron on other plants.) Or, provide liquid seaweed extract immediately; repeat every 2 weeks until symptoms disappear. In the future, add more compost to the soil.
  • For white varieties, pink heads can indicate too much sun exposure or temperature fluctuations. Purple hues can be due to stress or low soil fertility.

Blanching Cauliflower Heads

When the curd (the white head) is 2 to 3 inches in diameter, blanch it: Tie the outer leaves together over the head and secure with a rubber band, tape, or twine to keep light out. (This is not necessary for self-blanching or colored varieties). The plants are usually ready for harvest 7 to 12 days after blanching.

Harvesting

  • Plants are usually ready to harvest in about 50 to 100 days, depending on variety, or 7 to 12 days after blanching.
  • When the heads are compact, white, and firm, then it is time to harvest them. Ideally, the heads will grow to 6 to 8 inches in diameter.
  • Cut the heads off the plant with a large knife. Be sure to leave some of the leaves around the head to keep it protected.
  • If the heads are too small, but have already started to open up, they will not improve and should be harvested immediately.
  • If the cauliflower has a coarse appearance, it is past maturity and should be tossed.

How to Store Cauliflower

  • Store heads in a plastic bag in the refrigerator. They should last for about a week.
  • For long-term storage, you can also freeze or pickle the heads. To freeze, cut into 1-inch-bite pieces. Blanch for 3 minutes in lightly salted water. Cool in an ice bath for 3 minutes, drain, and package. Seal and freeze.

Pests and Problems

Cauliflower Pests and Diseases

Pest/DiseaseTypeSymptomsControl/Prevention
AphidsInsectCurled, misshapen/yellow leaves; distorted flowers/fruit; sticky “honeydew” (excrement); sooty, black moldGrow companion plants; knock off with water spray; apply insecticidal soap; put banana or orange peels around plants; wipe leaves with a 1 to 2 percent solution of water and dish soap (no additives) every 2 to 3 days for 2 weeks; add native plants to invite beneficial insects (such as ladybugs)
Black rotFungusYellow, V-shape areas on leaf edges that brown and progress toward leaf center; leaves eventually collapse; stem cross sections reveal blackened veinsDestroy infected plants; choose resistant varieties; provide good drainage; remove plant debris; rotate crops
Cabbage loopersInsectLarge, ragged holes in leaves from larval feeding; defoliation; stunted or bored heads; excrementHandpick off plants; add native plants to invite beneficial insects; spray larvae with insecticidal soap or Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)—a natural, bacterial pesticide; use row covers; remove plant debris at end of season
Cabbage root maggotsInsectWhite maggots become gray flies that resemble small houseflies. Wilted/stunted plants; off-color leaves; larvae feeding on rootsUse collars made of plastic or tin foil around seedling stems; monitor adults with yellow sticky traps; use row covers; destroy crop residue; till soil in fall; rotate crops
CabbagewormsInsectLeaves have large, ragged holes or are skeletonized; heads bored; dark green excrement; yellowish eggs laid singly on leaf undersidesHandpick; use row covers; add native plants to invite beneficial insects; grow companion plants (especially thyme); spray Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis)
ClubrootFungusWilted/stunted plants; yellow leaves; roots appear swollen/distortedDestroy infected plants; solarize soil; maintain soil pH of around 7.2; disinfect tools; rotate crops
Downy mildewFungusYellow, angular spots on upper leaf surfaces that turn brown; white/purple/gray cottony growth on leaf undersides only; distorted leaves; defoliationRemove plant debris; choose resistant varieties; ensure good air circulation; avoid overhead watering
Nitrogen deficiencyDeficiencyBottom leaves turn yellow and the problem continues toward the top of the plantSupplement with a high nitrogen (but low phosphorus) fertilizer or blood meal. Blood meal is a quick nitrogen fix for yellowing leaves
Stink bugsInsectYellow/white blotches on leaves; shriveled seeds; eggs, often keg-shape, in clusters on leaf undersidesDestroy crop residue; handpick (bugs emit odor, wear gloves); destroy eggs; spray nymphs with insecticidal soap; use row covers; weed; till soil in fall
ThripsInsectLeaves, especially in folds near base, have white patches or silver streaks; brown leaf tips; blistering/bronzing on leaves; brown streaks on cauliflower curds; heads distorted or stunted; curling or scarringRemove plant debris; choose resistant varieties; add native plants to invite beneficial insects; use row covers; use straw mulch; monitor adults with yellow or white sticky traps; use sprinklers or other overhead watering
White rustFungusChalk-white blisters mainly on leaf undersides; small, yellow-green spots or blisters, sometimes in circular arrangement, on upper leaf surfaces; possible distortion or galls; stems may also be infected. More common with warm days and cool/moist nightsDestroy infected plants; choose resistant varieties; weed; destroy crop residue; rotate crops

Types

  • ‘Graffiti’: purple; tends to be milder and sweeter than the white varieties.
  • ‘Snowball’: smooth, white, medium 6-inch heads; a good yield throughout the growing season.
  • Orange varieties, such as ‘Cheddar’ and ‘Flame Star’, are creamier and sweeter than white varieties, with more vitamin A.
cauliflower at a farm stand
Cauliflower at a farm stand in Washington, D.C., 2019. 
Credit: Wendy Hagen.

Wit and Wisdom

Cauliflower is nothing but cabbage with a college education.
-Mark Twain (1835-1910)

Vegetables

About The Author

Catherine Boeckmann

Catherine Boeckmann

Executive Digital Editor and Master Gardener

Catherine Boeckmann loves nature, stargazing, and gardening, so it’s not surprising that she and The Old Farmer’s Almanac found each other. She leads digital content for the Almanac website and is also a certified master gardener in the state of Indiana.

Read more from Catherine Boeckmann

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Comments

<span>Jesse Brown</span> Wed, 04/23/2014 - 17:10
I just checked my cauliflower again and all the plants have a white head inside so I guess i will tell the wife we had better get the heads out.
<span>Jesse Brown</span> Wed, 04/23/2014 - 17:01
We planted cauliflower here in Arizona a little after Christmas. We made a garden with 2x6 borders and then filled and mixed it with organic garden soil, tuning it with the dirt till it got all black. now the plants have grown huge leaves sort of like mustard greens and have a white head inside. But there are also these these long very tall stalks abut two feet tall with white spuds on the ends. What do you do with these stalks? do you cut them off or what? I read the above suggestion to fold these big leaves we have over the head inside and tie them with a rubber band or string which I will do. It is now in the 70 to 80's here in Arizona so reading your article this climate is not good for planting this crop.
<a title="View user profile." href="/author/editors">The Editors</a> Fri, 04/25/2014 - 11:04

If the weather is too cold or too hot cauliflower has a tendency to form tiny heads (to button) at the ends of long stems. You can cut these stalks and use the tiny white heads in cooking. If the weather gets too hot you need to shade the cauliflower somehow.

 <span>Jim C</span> Sat, 01/18/2014 - 20:04
I'm having amazing luck growing Snow Crown Cauliflower in a NFT hydroponic system indoors. I have beautiful white heads that I expect to harvest in the next couple weeks. I use masterblend hydroponic fertilizer and a little Superthrive. Almost trouble free.....change the water every couple weeks and don't let it go dry. My plants have never seen soil.
<span>Susanta Kumar Biawas</span> Fri, 01/17/2014 - 21:53
i want to grow cauliflower in may to july in orissa nabarangapur disr and again from august. how can i grow in that season and verity of seed please give in detail.
<span>Daya Vyaghra</span> Sat, 01/11/2014 - 10:05
I planted cauliflower in our farm this year for the first time in Nagpur India. There was beautiful growth of heads but Some how after 45 days, they started having purple colouration on them. What could be the reason? What is the remedy?
<span>Susan Haugwe</span> Fri, 07/18/2014 - 12:58
The purple is normal. If you blanch the plants they are less likely to do this. The purple is not a disease or problem
<span>Michael Stenger</span> Thu, 10/31/2013 - 13:38
get cauliflower plants well started and transplant in garden with miracle gro potting soil..add sea weed when watering..put down mulch, cover with bone meal and kelp meal...results are astounding...same procedure is perfect for broccoli
<span>Motdrads</span> Sun, 12/15/2013 - 16:12
from personal experience mg soil will never be bought by me again. One year it ruined my whole green house of transplants. The way its bagged and stored outside in most garden centers keeps it moist too long and it not only becomes far to acidic but the ferts in it leach out of it making it just potting soil that you paid too much for.Find a nurserey that you can buy some of what they use(wont be mg) use that or compost . Another reason not to are the chemical ferts they use...not good
<span>Paul Ernest</span> Tue, 10/01/2013 - 17:54
i am from st. lucia in the caribbean i have a question can i plant cauliflower in a green house