Planting
When to Plant Potatoes
Garden potatoes can be planted 2 to 4 weeks before the average last frost date. The soil temperature should be at least 55°F during the day and 45°F at night. However, pay more attention to the soil than the calendar to determine planting time. The soil should not be so wet that it sticks together and is hard to work. Let it dry out a bit first. If you have a late and wet spring, you can plant later, through April (depending on location) or even June, especially in containers.
In cooler regions, the early-maturing potatoes are usually planted early to mid-April. In warmer regions, planting times range from September to February; in central Florida, gardeners plant potatoes in January; in Georgia, they plant in February.
See our Planting Guide for the best dates to plant by zip code or postal code.
How to Plant Potatoes
Potatoes for planting are called seed potatoes and are usually sold in bags or netting. Use certified (disease-resistant) seed potatoes from which eyes (buds) protrude. Do not confuse seed potatoes with potato seeds or grocery produce.
When you get them, break them free, lay them out in a tray (such as an old egg carton), and pop them somewhere bright and frost-free to sprout, such as an indoor windowsill. This is a process called chitting. It’s not essential, but chitting helps speed things along so that by the time the potatoes are planted, they’ll be primed and itching to send out roots.
As the video below shows, after a month of chitting, the potatoes produce stout, stocky, green sprouts, which is exactly what we’re after; we don’t want the long, pale sprouts you get when potatoes are left in the dark. But if you haven’t had a chance to chit your potatoes and it’s already time to plant, don’t worry—get them in the ground.
A great way to get more seed potatoes for free is to cut them in half. But only do this if they’ve got plenty of eyes, which appear as small dimples—the areas from which the sprouts emerge. For this reason, you want to place the end with the most eyes facing upwards.
At least 2 days before planting, use a clean, sharp paring knife to cut large potatoes into golf ball–size pieces, with one to two eyes each. This time allows the pieces to heal or form a protective layer over the cut surface, improving both moisture retention and rot resistance. Do not cut up seed potatoes that are smaller than a hen’s egg; plant them whole.
Photo by tanyss/Getty Images.
You’ll need a location with at least 6 hours of direct sunlight and fertile, loose, well-draining soil; hard or compacted soil leads to misshapen tubers. Ideally, the soil is slightly acidic (pH 5.8 to 6.5) and the soil temperature is at least 45º to 55ºF (7° to 13°C). In the fall, mix compost or organic matter into the soil. (Learn more about compost, soil amendments, and preparing the soil for planting.)
Outside, prepare the planting area by simply spreading compost across the surface to a depth of around an inch or 2.5 cm. Potatoes are fairly hungry plants, so this extra nourishment will help to support good soil fertility and a strong harvest.
4 Methods of Planting Potatoes
There are different approaches to planting potatoes:
- Dig Holes: For each seed potato, dig a hole about 6 inches deep (16 cm). Add in a little slow-release organic fertilizer (e.g., chicken manure pellets) and then pop in the potato with sprouts pointing up and cover with soil. Space potatoes about 16 inches (40 cm) apart in both directions for early types. Main-crop potatoes need a bit more space to stretch their legs, so space them at 18 inches (45 cm) apart.
- Dig V-Shaped Trenches: Dig 2- to 2.5-foot-deep (61- to 76-cm-deep) trenches. Lay a nourishing cushion of garden compost along the bottom and a few of those chicken manure pellets, then set your tubers into position about 1 foot (30 cm) apart. Then, just fill back in. I don’t think it makes a huge difference which way you plant, so do whatever’s easiest in the space you have.
- Plant in Straw: Nestle seed potatoes down into the soil surface, then cover them with straw. See our article on planting potatoes in straw.
- Plant Potatoes in Pots: If you don’t have the garden space, plant in large containers, old compost sacks, trash cans, or purpose-made potato sacks. Fill the bottom of your pot or sack with about 4 inches (10 cm) of potting mix, then lay one or two potatoes on top and cover. Once the foliage is growing, add in more potting mix, a bit at a time, to hill or earth them up until the soil level reaches the top, at which point the foliage almost seems to explode in size. See our article about container gardening with potatoes.
Growing
How to Grow Potatoes
First, water! This is really important because potatoes are lush and leafy plants, and those tubers take a lot of effort to swell. So if it’s dry, water thoroughly. Maintain even moisture, especially from the time after the flowers bloom. Potatoes need 1 to 2 inches of water a week. Too much water right after planting and not enough as the potatoes begin to form can cause them to become misshapen. Stop watering when the foliage begins to turn yellow and die off.
If you’re growing potatoes in containers, take extra care to keep your plants really well watered, especially in warmer weather, as this really will make all the difference in achieving a good crop.
Hilling Potatoes
The potato flavor is improved by depth and darkness. As the potato plants grow above the soil surface, you’ll need to periodically “hill up” or mound up soil and compost around the plant so that only the top leaves stick out of the ground. When growing potatoes, it’s vital not to allow potato spuds to be exposed to sunlight, as this also causes them to turn green and produce solanine, a chemical that gives off a bitter taste and is toxic. Do the hilling in the morning, when plants are at their tallest. (During the heat of the day, plants start drooping.) Just draw up the soil with a hoe every time the stems get to around 6 to 8 inches (15 to 20 cm) tall so that just the very tops are left poking out. Continue doing this in stages until you can no longer draw up any more soil or the foliage closes over in between the rows.
If you’re growing your potatoes in a smaller raised bed, it may be easier to simply top up with organic matter around the whole area.
Credit: Avalon Studio/Getty.
Protect Your Potatoes From Frost
Potatoes aren’t fussy vegetables, which makes them a fabulous choice for first-time growers. They do well in most soils and almost always produce plenty to hunt for at harvest time. That said, you can do a few things to elevate your crop.
Late frosts can damage the young foliage—something to watch out for with early starts. Frost-bitten plants usually have enough energy to shake off any damage; nonetheless, it can set plants back. So if a frost is forecast and potatoes stand to get clobbered, do whatever you can to protect them. Cover the area in a few layers of warming fleece or row-cover fabric, cover clusters of shoots with pots, or draw up the soil to bury the young shoots.
Note: In cool growing seasons, potato vines may sport berries. The berries are the fruit. Cut one open to see how it resembles its cousin, the tomato. Potato berries are poisonous and inedible. Plus, their seeds will not produce potato plants that resemble the parent. Discard them.
Practice yearly crop rotation with potatoes in order to avoid pests and diseases.
Harvesting
Harvesting potatoes is fun! It’s like unearthing Nature’s treasures. Harvest potatoes on dry days. Dig up gently, being careful not to puncture the tubers. Avoid cutting or bruising potato skin. The soil should not be compacted, so digging should be easy. Potatoes can tolerate light frost, but when the first hard frost is expected, it’s time to get out the shovels and start digging potatoes.
Harvesting at the right stage keeps tubers from sitting too long, which can raise the chances of a slug or disease attack, particularly for main-crop spuds.
Earlies are the first to be lifted, usually while the plants are still in flower. Your tubers should be about the size of a hen’s egg or a touch bigger, but it’s up to you how big you want them. Use a fork and work your way in from the edge of the plant, taking care to avoid stabbing into the potatoes themselves. Once you’ve loosened the plants, you can lift them to expose most of the spuds, but be sure to dig around in the soil for any you’ve missed!
Dig up main-crop spuds once the foliage is dying back toward the end of the growing season. I find it easier to cut back the foliage before digging up the potatoes on a dry day. Leave the potatoes on the soil surface for just a few hours so the skin can dry off a bit. Don’t leave them there any longer, however, or they may start to turn green.
Extra tips for knowing when and how to dig up potatoes:
- Toughen up potatoes for storage before harvest by not watering them much after mid-August.
- Dig up a test hill to see how mature the potatoes are. The skins of mature potatoes are thick and firmly attached to the flesh. If the skins are thin and rub off easily, your potatoes are still too new and should be left in the ground for a few more days.
- If the soil is very wet, let the potatoes air-dry as much as possible before putting them in bags or baskets.
- Small green spots can be trimmed off, but throw the potato out if there is significant greening.
- Only store potatoes that are free of bruises, disease, or damage, as you don’t want problems in storage, and check on stored potatoes every few weeks, removing any that are starting to spoil.
How to Cure Potatoes
- Once they’ve dried off, pack them up into breathable sacks—or just sturdy cardboard boxes—to store somewhere dark and cool, but frost-free (45° to 60°F / 7° to 15°C), for up to 2 weeks. This allows the potato skin to cure and thus keep longer.
- Brush off any clinging soil. Do not wash the potatoes until ready to eat; washing will shorten their life.
How to Store Potatoes
If you are harvesting potatoes to eat within a few days, storage is not an issue. You can store anywhere.
To store potatoes for keeping, however, you need a dark, cool (38° to 40°F) place; if it’s too warm, potatoes will sprout and be susceptible to disease. Also, it needs to be somewhat humid; potatoes are 80 percent water, so if it’s too dry, potatoes wither and dry out.
If you happen to have a damp cellar, you’re all set! Otherwise, consider an extra refrigerator set a few degrees higher than normal with tubers placed inside in dark-colored plastic bags that are perforated (many holes cut in the side) for air movement. Avoid all light to prevent greening. Or, consider an unheated entrance, spare room, closet, attic, cabinet, or insulated garage. To elevate humidity, you could place large pans of water in front of the air source.
Even after harvest, potatoes still use oxygen and give off carbon dioxide, so they must have fresh air and ventilation. Never put potatoes in airtight containers. Use perforated bags, as mentioned above. Do not store potatoes with apples; the fruit’s ethylene gas causes spoilage.
Find more tips on getting potatoes ready for the root cellar.
Pests and Problems
The most common potato disease is scab, which causes rough, scabby patches on the potato’s skin. These can be peeled off along with the skin, so it’s not all bad. But scabby potatoes are not much to look at! So avoid scab in the first place by watering to keep the soil consistently moist at the critical time when tubers are developing—basically once the foliage has started to bush out. Adding compost or other organic matter to the soil before planting should help improve water retention, too. It’s also worth seeking out scab-resistant varieties.
Potato blight, or late blight, is a little trickier to dodge. It strikes after a period of warm, wet weather, seemingly out of the blue. Blight causes dark patches on the leaves as it takes hold—then it spreads with devastating speed, killing off your entire crop. There are a few blight-resistant varieties, but the choice is very limited. The good news is that early varieties are usually harvested before the blight arrives later in summer. Check regularly, and if you do spot the tell-tale signs of blight, act fast to cut back the foliage before it spreads to the potatoes belowground—then harvest them as soon as possible.
Potato Pests and Diseases
| Pest/Disease | Type | Symptoms | Control/Prevention |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aphids | Insect | Misshapen/yellow leaves; sticky “honeydew” (excrement); sooty, black mold | Grow companion plants; knock off with water spray; apply insecticidal soap; put banana or orange peels around plants; wipe leaves with a 1 to 2% solution of dish soap (no additives) and water every 2 to 3 days for 2 weeks; add native plants to invite beneficial insects |
| Blight (early) | Virus | Leaves, beginning with lower ones, develop dark, concentric spots, often with yellow outer ring, and eventually die; tubers/stems also may be affected | Destroy infected plants; choose resistant varieties; maintain proper soil fertility; ensure good air circulation; avoid overhead watering; water in morning; disinfect tools; rotate crops |
| Blight (late) | Virus | Small, greenish-gray, water-soaked spots on leaves that enlarge and turn brown, sometimes with yellow halo; white, fuzzy growth on leaf undersides; stems also affected; tubers develop reddish brown dry rot | Destroy infected plants; choose resistant varieties and certified, disease-free seed potatoes; ensure good air circulation; avoid overhead watering; remove plant debris; rotate crops |
| Colorado potato beetles | Insect | Yellow-orange eggs laid in clusters on leaf undersides; larvae and adults chew holes in foliage | Handpick; use straw mulch; weed; use row covers; destroy crop residue; rotate crops. In the nymph state, they can be controlled with diatomaceous earth (food grade). If they continue to be a problem, a few sprays of spinosad, an organic pesticide, will get rid of the beetles. Always use products at dawn or dusk to avoid harming beneficial insects. |
| Flea beetles | Insect | Tiny black beetles that jump when spooked. Numerous tiny holes in leaves; clusters of holes, as if leaf was hit by shotgun | Use row covers; mulch heavily; add native plants to invite beneficial insects |
| Leafhoppers | Insect | White shed skins on leaf undersides (from nymph molting); stippling (many tiny spots) on leaves; “hopperburn” (leaves yellow/brown, curled, or stunted); reduced yield | Knock nymphs off leaf undersides with strong spray of water; use row covers; monitor adults with yellow sticky traps; weed; destroy crop residue |
| Potato scab | Bacteria | Brown, rough, corky spots that can be shallow/raised/sunken | Choose resistant varieties and certified disease-free potato seed; maintain soil pH between 5.0 and 5.2; dust seed potatoes with sulfur before planting; use pine needle mulch; keep soil moist after tubers start to form; do not use manure; rotate crops |
| Tomato hornworms | Insect | Chewed leaves (initially toward top of plant); rapid defoliation; black/green excrement | Handpick (leave larvae that have white, rice-like cocoons, which house braconid wasp parasites); till soil in fall and spring; weed; add native plants to invite beneficial insects; grow dill as a trap crop or basil/marigolds as repellents; spray Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) |
| Whiteflies | Insect | Sticky “honeydew” (excrement); sooty, black mold; yellow/silver areas on leaves; wilted/stunted plants; distortion; adults fly if disturbed; some species transmit viruses | Remove infested leaves/plants; use handheld vacuum to remove pests; spray water on leaf undersides in morning/evening to knock off pests; monitor adults with yellow sticky traps; spray with insecticidal soap; invite beneficial insects and hummingbirds with native plants; weed; use reflective mulch |
| Wireworms | Insect | Seedlings severed; stunting/wilting; roots eaten; tubers/bulbs bored | Trap by digging 2- to 4-inch-deep holes every 3 to 10 feet, fill with mix of germinating beans/corn/peas or potato sections as bait, and cover with soil or a board; in 1 week uncover and kill collected wireworms. Provide good drainage; remove plant debris; rotate crops. |
FAQ
How Long Do Potatoes Take to Grow?
The length of time that it takes potatoes to grow to maturity will largely depend on the variety of potato that you are growing. Generally speaking, it takes 90 to 120 days for potatoes to grow. Some varieties, however, like the ‘Yukon Gold’, can be ready to harvest in as little as 70 days.
What Is a Potato Eye?
A potato’s “eyes” can’t see much! These protrusions on the potato are actually the sprouts or buds of new plants. Each potato eye is capable of growing into a new potato plant.
Photo: Paul Hein
How Can I Tell Whether My Potatoes Are Growing?
It can be difficult to tell whether your potato plant is growing potatoes because, frankly, all the fun is happening underground! When it comes to growing potatoes, patience is key. Within several weeks of planting your potatoes, you should see sprouts emerging from the ground. At this point, the potato plant will begin to form leaves rapidly, and eventually, potato flowers will appear. The flowers on a potato plant are the best indicator that your plant is indeed producing potatoes.
How Should I Cut Potatoes for Planting?
When planting, you can increase your crop by cutting your larger seed potatoes (make sure that they are at least the size of a golf ball). Use a clean, sharp knife to cut the seed potato, leaving at least two eyes on each section. Some of the bigger seed potatoes can even be cut into three pieces! Then, allow the pieces to “cure” by leaving them in a cool room for several days, forming a scab over the cut end. Curing the seed potatoes will help to prevent root rot.
Why Are My Potatoes Green?
A potato can turn green when exposed to light (such as under a grocery store’s lighting), especially at certain temperatures. The greening appears as the potato increases its production of harmless chlorophyll (which helps the plant to make food) but also, independently, a natural nerve toxin called solanine, a glycoalkaloid, which serves as the plant’s defense against, for example, insects and animals. Usually in the potato, the solanine extends no deeper than about 1/8 inch from the surface. (It is present in all parts of a potato plant, including leaves and stems.)
Can I Eat Green Potatoes?
According to the Cooperative Extension, if the potato has only small areas of green, then you can use the potato with little risk. But if there is a lot of green, do not eat it. Also, toss it if there is a bitter taste. They also recommend not feeding green potatoes, even after they are trimmed, to children, as they may be more susceptible to solanine. (And do not feed to dogs or other pets.) Cooking will not eliminate the solanine.
Types
Despite the limited options in the grocery store, gardeners know there’s much more to potatoes than the traditional Idaho white potato. There are more than 100 types of potatoes, varying in skin color, flesh color, and size—from large to fingerling! Floury types are perfect for roasting or mashing, while firm, waxy potatoes are superb boiled or as salad potatoes. You can learn all about potato varieties in the section below.
There are three classifications for potatoes based on when you harvest (vs. when you plant). If you harvest for storage, be sure to choose the right type:
- Early-season potatoes: These are the first to be planted in early spring; grow quickly (60 to 80 days); are ready to harvest by early summer; have tender flesh and thinner skin; and store up to a few weeks.
- Mid-season potatoes (aka second early potatoes, or “earlies”): These mature in 80 to 100 days, are typically lifted up from the second half of summer, and store up to a month.
- Late crops: These mature in 100 to 130 days; are best for storing, lasting 2 to 3 months in the right conditions; are planted in August; and are harvested in fall.
Also, decide on the texture and flavor of your potatoes—and how you’d like to eat them:
- Dry-fleshed, mealy potatoes are fantastic for baking, frying, and mashing. Russets and long white potatoes are a favorite for mashed potatoes, easily absorbing the butter and sour cream while maintaining that light and fluffy texture.
- Moist, waxy, round potatoes are great in soups, curries, frittatas, and salads because they don’t fall apart when cooked. You can pan-fry leftover boiled potatoes. When you mash waxy potatoes, however, they can become sticky.
- Red-skinned potatoes are often used for boiling or for potato salads.
Some popular potato varieties, such as ‘Yukon Gold’, fall somewhere in between truly waxy and mealy.
There are more than 100 potato plant varieties! Go beyond the Idaho potato to explore more exotic and delicious options. See our article on choosing the best potato varieties. Below are just some examples of varieties you might enjoy:
Early Varieties:
- ‘Irish Cobbler’: tan skin, irregular shape (great heirloom potato for delicious mashed potatoes!)
- ‘Red Norland’: deep red skin; sweet, delicate flavor; great in potato salads or boiled
- ‘Mountain Rose’: red skin and pink flesh, resistant to some viruses
Mid-Season Varieties
- ‘Yukon Gold’: popular, tan skin and buttery-yellow flesh, mid to large size
- ‘Red Pontiac’: red skin, deep eyes (easiest and most adaptable red potato to grow)
- ‘Viking’: red skin, very productive
- ‘Chieftan’: red skin, resistant to potato scab, stores well
Late Varieties
- ‘Katahdin’: tan skin, resistant to some viruses
- ‘Kennebec’: tan skin, resistant to some viruses and late blight
- ‘Elba’: tan skin; large, round tubers; resistant to blight and potato scab
- All Blue Potatoes
- Fingerling salad potatoes
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Comments
How frustrating! Potatoes do like even moisture, about 1 to 2 inches of water a week. It sounds, though, as if yours got a lot more because of the uncooperative weather. You might still check below in the soil to see if any of the potato tubers survived and are still edible. Too much moisture can cause tubers to grow abnormally, such as cracks or odd nobs. The most important concern, perhaps, is that a lot of rain or overwatering, on leaves or in soil, can lead to disease, such as various wilts and rots. If you'd like to try again next year, and if you expect a lot of rain, perhaps you could devise a rain barrier (a large umbrella, even, might help to protect a single plant in a pot), or move containers under a shelter, if possible, during those downpours.
Potato varieties will vary in the time that they take to mature, from about 90 to 110 days or more. Potatoes also like a soil temperature of 60 to 70 degrees F (not warmer or cooler). It may be too late to plant new potatoes now in Indiana. Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service in Indiana recommends that early-season potato varieties be planted as soon as the soil is dry enough to work in early spring; late-season types should be planted from late spring through mid-June. As temperatures cool in early fall, you could try to extend the season for your newly planted potatoes and see what develops -- place row covers over the plants, encase them in tomato cages wrapped in clear plastic (with open top), or other measures to keep the heat around the plant and keep the soil warm as the weather starts to cool (do not do this during the heat of summer weather, though). Meanwhile, your original plant that still has some green to it and had already formed 2 potatoes -- be sure to keep mounding soil around the base, or applying a thick layer of straw, to keep any developing potatoes from being exposed to light (which turns them green and somewhat toxic, and encourages the roots to grow, as you found with the two you planted). There might be some potatoes further down in the soil that are still developing. You might want to wait for harvest until the entire plant has died off (or at least when the tops of the plants have yellowed and are turning brown) for any developing potatoes to grow larger, or, if you'd rather not wait, you can carefully check in the soil to see if there might be anything there of a suitable size to harvest now. Gardeners sometimes harvest the smaller size potatoes as "new" potatoes in summer and early fall, before the tubers reach maturity.
Potatoes can taste off for several reasons, even after cleaning and scrubbing and peeling, which removes any actual soil left on the potato skin from the garden. Be careful about storage conditions -- make sure they do not get any light (which makes them turn green and taste bitter), and avoid any high temperatures, which can change the flavor, too. Growing conditions can also affect flavor and health. Check the potatoes for any signs of disease -- mold or rot -- that might affect the taste; cut off any discolorations.
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Hi, Thomas, The small round green things on the potato plants . . . are potato fruit. Potatoes and tomatoes are in the same family (Nightshade) and are the most alike two plants in this family. Potato fruit and flowers are produced because this is how the plants multiply themselves—by seed. Both potatoes and tomatoes produce flowers; those on potatoes usually fall off and never develop into anything. However, . . . this year's weather in some parts of the country—cool temps and rain—is "causing" (enabling?) them to remain on the plant, pollinate, and produce small fruit that resemble small tomatoes.
These are not edible; they are bitter-tasting and contain high amounts of solanine that can make you —or worse.
Trying to grow potatoes from the seeds could take years. Only breeders and growers find them useful.
So enjoy them. You may not see them again for a while. And your potatoes under the soil will be fine.
Thanks for asking!