Pumpkins are sensitive to transplanting and cold weather, so it’s best to sow seeds directly outdoors well after the danger of frost is past and soil has warmed to around 65° to 95°F (18° to 35°C). Make sure to check seed packets for “days to harvest” information if you want to harvest pumpkins in time for Halloween. Different varieties mature at different rates; however, planting seeds by late May in northern climates or as late as early July in the deep south should ensure most varieties have enough time to mature before frost.

If you’re working with a very short growing season, you can also sow seeds indoors about 2 to 4 weeks before the last spring frost. Just make sure to use biodegradable pots to minimize root disturbance and harden the seedlings off before transplanting them outside when the weather warms.

Where to Plant Pumpkins

Compared to other crops, pumpkins are particularly demanding about space, so always ensure that you provide enough space for the varieties you’d like to grow. Ideally, you’ll want around 1,000 square feet per plant for giant types, 50 to 100 square feet for regular-size varieties, and about 15 to 36 square feet for miniature types. That said, you can keep small varieties like ‘Baby Boo’ or ‘Small Sugar’ in 20 to 25-gallon containers and use a small trelllis to train their trailing vines.

Aside from space constrants, full sun and fertile, moist, and well-draining soil is a must for growing pumpkins. I always recommend blending plenty of compost or aged manure about 12 to 15-inches deep into the soil before planting seeds. You can also plant pumpkins atop simple “melon pits” to fuel their growth.

How to Plant Pumpkins

Pumpkins can either be planted in rows, in hills, or solo in pots depending on your space.

In hills, plant 4 to 5 seeds per hill, space hills 4 feet apart, and thin the seedlings to 2 to 3 plants per hill once their true leaves form. If you’re short on space, direct the vines to the outer edge of the garden bed. Hills can either be mounded or flat, but mounding soil helps it warm up faster in spring and drain better!
In rows, sow seeds 6 to 12 inches apart and then thin the seedlings to one plant every 18 to 36 inches when they’re a few inches tall. Individual rows should be spaced 8 feet from each other.
In pots, select containers that are 20 to 25-gallons in size and small varieties of pie or miniature pumpkins. Installing a trellis at planting time can help you avoid damaging delicate vines later on.

To plant, set the seeds 1 inch deep in rich soil or seed starting mix and keep the seeds good and moist until they germinate.

In this video, Ben shows us his method for growing pumpkins!

Growing

Watering

Pumpkins need about 1-inch of water per week, either from your hose or rainfall. For best results, water plants deeply in the morning and on very hot afternoons — especially during fruit set — and do your best to direct water straight to the plant roots. Keeping pumpkins leaves dry is one of the best ways to avoid rot and common diseases like powdery mildew.

Fertilizing

Blending compost or aged manure into the soil before planting helps pumpkins grow better and encourages larger fruit production. After that, side-dress plants with additional aged manure or compost mixed with water as needed and feed with a high nitrogen fertilizer when the plants are about 1-foot tall and the vines are just about to run. When flower buds form, switch to a high phosphorus fertilizer to fuel rapid pumpkin growth.

Pruning or Maintenance

Covering pumpkins with row covers early in the season can reduce some pest problems, but covers need to be removed before flowering to allow for pollination. Bees and other pollinators are essential for pumpkin growth, so avoid using pesticides whenever possible and consider growing flowering companion plants near pumpkins to increase pollinator activity. Placing a bee house in your garden is an effective way to draw bees in too.

Careful pruning can reduce disease, increase fruit size, and is key if you want to grow prize winning pumpkins. To do this, pinch off the fuzzy ends of pumpkin vines after a few pumpkins form to stop vine growth and focus the plant’s energy on fruiting. Once the fruit develops, remove all but the best 1 to 3 pumpkins per plant as well as all late blooming flowers, prune the main and secondary vines to 10 to 15 feet, cut away the smaller, tertiary vines, and bury the cut vine tips in the soil to optimize fruit development.

As the fruit matures, turn pumpkins carefully to encourage even growth. Placing a thin board, stone, or piece of tile under pumpkins can protect fruit from rot and pest damage as well.

Tip: If your first flowers aren’t forming fruits, that’s normal. Both male and female blossoms need to open for pollination to occur. Patience is key!

Seasonal Care

Maintaining a regular watering and fertilizing regimen is essential if you want to grow the best pumpkins. It’s also a good idea to add mulch around plants to retain moisture and suppress weeds. When needed, weed carefully to avoid damaging delicate pumpkin roots and vines.

If you’re growing pumpkins on a trellis, support developing fruit with a hammock or old nylon stocking to prevent vine breaks.

Harvesting

When to Harvest

Pumpkins should be harvested when they’re fully ripe and reach the mature size of the variety of pumpkin you’re growing. Most pumpkins take 90 to 120 days to mature; however, it’s best to use visual cues to determine if pumpkins are ready to pick or not.

Color. Pumpkin rinds should turn a deep, solid color as the fruit ripens. This is orange for most varieties, but can vary.
Stem. Stems will harden and take on a brown, woody appearance or detach from the vine all on their own.
Sound. Thump the pumpkin with a finger. If it sounds hollow, the pumpkin may be ready.
Fingernail test. Press a fingernail into the pumpkin’s skin. If it’s hard and resists puncturing, it’s ripe!

How to Harvest

Ideally, pumpkins should be harvested on a sunny day when the weather is dry.

To harvest, cut the fruit from the vine with a sharp knife or pair of pruners and leave about 3 to 4-inches of stem attached to each fruit. Handle pumpkins gently to reduce brusing and never carry them by their stems to avoid accidental falls.

Storage

Before storage, carving, or use, pumpkins should be cured by placing them in a protected, sunny spot for 10 days. During this time, temperatures should stay between 80º to 85ºF and humidity levels should hover around 80 to 85%. This process toughens pumpkin rinds so they store better, helps minor abraisions heal over, and intensifies pumpkin flavor.

After curing, store pumpkins in a cool, dry cellar or root cellar at 50º to 55ºF for 2 to 3 months. If you’re carving pumpkins, carve them no more than 3 days before Halloween or the pumpkin will begin to rot.

Check out this video for tips on curing and storing pumpkins.

Pests and Problems

Environmental factors like poor lighting, inclement weather, and reduced pollinator activity can result in poor fruit set and other issues. No matter what types of pumpkins you’re growing, here are some common problems to be on guard for and what to do about them.

Common Problems

Poor fruiting or flower drop may indicate pumpkin flowers aren’t being properly pollinated. Growing flowering companion plants and avoiding pesticides can naturally invite bees and other beneficial bugs in!
Blossom-end rot can produce sunken spots on the blossom end of developing fruit. This is usually caused by irregular watering, buy may also indicate pumpkins are craving extra calcium

Common Pests

Aphids are sap-sucking insects that can cause pumpkins to develop distorted leaves or coat plants with a sticky “honeydew” residue. Companion planting can naturally reduce aphid activity, while active infestations can be managed by spraying plants with your hose or regular applications of an organic insecticidal soap spray.
Cucumber beetles target plants in the Curcurbit family, and pumpkins are no exception. Installing row covers at the beginning of the season can help keep these wee, striped beetles from munching holes in pumpkin leaves, while hand-picking is the best way to reduce active problems.

Plant Diseases

Anthracnose is a fungal issue that causes spotting on pumpkin leaves and sunken lesions on fruit. The best way to control its spread is to destroy infected plants, purchase disease resistant varieties, and avoid overhead watering.
Powdery mildew and downy mildew are also caused by fungal spores and can cause spotting on pumpkin leaves or stunt pumpkin growth. Watering plants at the soil line and spacing pumpkins well apart should naturally reduce mildew issues, or you can preventatively spray plants with a mixture of 40% milk and 60% water.

Types

Pumpkins come in different sizes and colors and can be used for different purposes. Athough all pumpkins are technically edible, some are better for carving or display, while others are ideal for cooking. Knowing how you’d like to use pumpkins will help you select the very best varieties for your goals!

Miniature pumpkins like ‘Jack Be Little’ and ‘We-B-Little’ are great for ornamental use and small spaces. They’re also super productive and easy to grow.
Carving pumpkins like ‘Autumn Gold’ or ‘Merlin’ are the pumpkins you want for jack-o-lanterns.
Pie pumpkins like ‘Sugar Treat’ and ‘Peanut Pumpkin’ are prized for their sweet flesh and can be used for pies, soups, curries, and purees.

a green pumpkin turning orange on the vine — *Image: Arina P Habich/Shutterstock*

Vegetables

About The Author

Catherine Boeckmann

Executive Digital Editor and Master Gardener

Catherine Boeckmann loves nature, stargazing, and gardening so it’s not surprising that she and The Old Farmer’s Almanac found each other. She leads digital content for the Almanac website, and is also a certified master gardener in the state of Indiana.

More Like This

What Is Pumpkin Chunkin'? History, Trebuchets, and Flying Pumpkins

How to Cure and Store Pumpkins

How to Keep Your Pumpkins Fresh: Carving, Harvest & Storage Tips

How to Grow a Giant Pumpkin

5 Favorite Winter Squash Varieties for Cooking

How to Plant and Grow Shallots

Comments

Add a Comment

Michael Dosie Sat, 08/08/2015 - 03:03

Our first flowers were all girls, at the beginning of July, then two weeks later the boys came and since the first appearance of the girls, no more girls period. Here it is August 8th and STILL no more girls. What gives? What could have happened? We grew 15 plants. Thanks

<a title="View user profile." href="/author/editors">The Editors</a> Mon, 08/10/2015 - 14:44

Stress (including heat waves) may affect plant flowering and fruit set. Too much nitrogen can delay flowering. You might try adding a high-phosphorus fertilizer to increase bloom production. Some experts say that if plants are spaced too closely together, the competition between plants can reduce the number of female flowers. If this sounds like a possibility, try spacing your plants out a little further next growing season.

Gallo Loewen Fri, 07/31/2015 - 11:01

Hello, im a first year grower and my plant and pumpkin went great til a few days ago i noticed that it stopped growing as fast and now i realized that the Stem on the pumpkin has kracked and teared itself almost from the vine, it has still like a 1/3 of the stem onto the vine, should i give up or will it still grow?

<a title="View user profile." href="/author/editors">The Editors</a> Sun, 08/02/2015 - 08:33

Since your pumpkin gets all its nutrients through that stem, it could mean this is as large as it is going to get. Growers of giant pumpkins are very careful to support their pumpkins as they grow to reduce the amount of stress on the stem. That said, even pumpkins with split stems can still continue to grow if the stem is still attached to the fruit. I'd adopt a wait and see approach. If after another week it hasn't grown any larger then you'll know it has reached its peak size.

Ginny Gibbs Sat, 07/25/2015 - 08:18

I live in Georgia, first time planting pumpkins. It is late July and my pumpkins are orange and the vines about dead. One already is off its vine. Will they keep until October? If I need to keep them cool my best bet is in my House where it's about 72. Also we are thinking about planting more since they say they can be planted in July. Your thoughts?

Jimmy Dunster Sat, 08/01/2015 - 03:15

Ginny I also am a first time grower am on the east coast of Ireland and this summer has been pretty cool I wish I was at the stage you are at but I have just got my first flower it is going to be a challenge wish me luck as I do for yours

<a title="View user profile." href="/author/editors">The Editors</a> Wed, 07/29/2015 - 09:52

You might be able to plant more pumpkins--it will depend on your area, your first expected fall frost, and the type of pumpkin you plant (days to maturity). You'll want to harvest before a hard frost--a light frost might damage the vines, but not the pumpkin. For a few frost dates in Georgia, see:

http://www.almanac.com/content/us-frost-chart

Or, contact your county's Cooperative Extension:

http://www.almanac.com/content/cooperative-extension-services

Choose a variety that has a short growing season.

As for storing your pumpkin -- it might just make it to Halloween, depending on the variety and how well it has been stored. (See above article.) Leave plenty of stem on the pumpkin (3 to 4 inches), if you can, and avoid any damage (bruises or cuts) to the rind. Be sure to cure it for about a week, then store in a cool (50-55 F) and dry area so that it is not touching any other pumpkin or fruit/vegetable and is not in the vicinity of ripening apples etc. Make sure there is plenty of air circulation. Pumpkins may store for 2 to 3 months.

Jacq Wed, 07/22/2015 - 13:19

This was a great thread to read for a new pumpkin gardener. The question and answer format was so helpful. Thank you.

Stephen Bastide. Tue, 07/21/2015 - 13:47

Minimum soil temp of 70F, optimum 95F? That's a joke right?

<a title="View user profile." href="/author/editors">The Editors</a> Tue, 07/21/2015 - 23:43

Here's a second reference guide on minimum soil temperatures for pumpkin seed germination: http://www.gardening.cornell.edu/homegardening/scene61ea.html

📣The Gardening Club Just Got Better! 3 Deliveries, 10% Store Discount, and more!

Learn More

For daily wit & wisdom, get the Almanac newsletter.

How to Plant and Grow Pumpkins