Growing Roses

How to Plant, Grow, and Prune Roses

By Catherine Boeckmann
Rose - Peach-colored
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Ready to plant and grow roses in your garden? Our Growing Guide for Roses will get you started—with advice on how to take care of roses and prune roses, too. We also share our recommendations on the best types of roses to grow, as well as tips on controlling rose pests such as Japanese beetles.

Rose bushes come in a variety of forms, from climbing roses to miniature rose plants, blooming mainly in early summer and fall. One way to group roses into classes is according to their date of introduction:

  • Old roses—also called “old-fashioned roses” and “heirloom roses”—are those introduced prior to 1867. These are the lush, invariably fragrant roses found in old masters’ paintings. There are hundreds of old rose varieties—whose hardiness varies—providing choices for both warm and mild climates.
  • Modern hybrid roses, introduced after 1867, are sturdy, long-blooming, extremely hardy and disease-resistant, and bred for color, shape, size, and fragrance. The hybrid tea roses, with one large flower on a long cutting stem, are one of the most popular hybrids.
  • Species, or wild roses, are those that have been growing wild for many thousands of years. These wild roses have been adapted to modern gardens and usually bloom from spring to early summer. Most species roses have single blossoms. 

Choosing from all the possibilities can be a daunting task. Take your time and wander through nurseries to enjoy the beauty of roses!

Planting

If you order bare-root roses from a mail-order company, order early (late winter or early spring). The roses are usually shipped in the spring because bare roots when plants are fully dormant, well before they have leafed out. They’ll look like a bundle of sticks on arrival. Note that they are not dead—simply dormant. Check that the packing material is moist and keep them in a cool dark place until ready to plant.

If you are buying container-grown roses (vs. bare-root roses), it’s best to plant them by late spring or early summer for best results. However, you can plant them most any time.

Selecting and Preparing a Planting Site

  • Plant roses where they will receive a minimum of 5 to 6 hours of full sun per day. Morning sun is especially important because it dries the leaves, which helps prevent diseases. Roses grown in partial sun may not die at once, but they weaken gradually, producing subpar blooms and overwintering poorly.
  • Remember that light changes as the angle of the sun shifts throughout the season. If you live in the upper half of the U.S., choose a site that will offer full sun year-round. The more sun you have, the more flowers your plants will produce. In the lower half of the U.S., choose spots with a little bit of afternoon shade. This protects blossoms from the scorching sun and helps your flowers last longer.
  • If you live in a colder climate, consider growing roses close to the foundation of your home. This provides plants with some degree of winter protection. Walkways are also good spots provided there is full sun.
  • Roses need a soil that drains well but holds onto moisture long enough for the roots to absorb some. One of the worst mistakes you can make is to not provide adequate drainage. Roses do not like wet, cold feet. 
  • Roses like loose, loamy soil leaning more toward sandy. Too much clay and the roots can become waterlogged. If you are not starting out with a loose, loamy soil, you will need to do some amending. 
  • If you’re planning multiple roses, do not crowd. Provide good air circulation to avoid powdery and downy mildew. 
  • Roses prefer a near-neutral pH range of 5.5–7.0. A pH of 6.5 is just about right for most home gardens (slightly acidic to neutral).
    • An accurate soil test will tell you where your pH currently stands. Acidic (sour) soil is counteracted by applying finely ground limestone, and alkaline (sweet) soil is treated with ground sulfur. Learn more about soil amendments.

Planting Roses

  • Wear sturdy gloves to protect your hands from prickly thorns. Have a hose or bucket of water and all your planting tools nearby. 
  • Soak bare-root roses in a bucket of water for 8-12 hours before planting.
  • Prune each cane back to 3-5 buds per cane. Any cane thinner than a pencil should be removed.
  • If planting container grown roses, loosen the roots before planting.
  • When you plant the rose, be sure to dig a much bigger hole than you think you need (for most types, the planting hole should be about 15 to 18 inches wide) and add plenty of organic matter such as compost or aged manure.
  • Soak the newly planted rose with water.
  • Mound up loose soil around the canes to protect the rose while it acclimates to its new site.
  • Some old-timers recommend placing a 4-inch square of gypsum wallboard and a 16-penny nail in the hole to provide calcium and iron, both appreciated by roses.
  • Don’t crowd the roses if you plan to plant more than one rose bush. Roses should be planted about two-thirds of the expected height apart. Old garden roses will need more space, while miniature roses can be planted closer. 

Watch How To Properly Plant a Rose!

Care

Watering Roses

  • Diligently water your roses. Soak the entire root zone at least twice a week in dry summer weather. Avoid frequent shallow sprinklings, which won’t reach the deeper roots and may encourage fungus. In the fall reduce the amount of water, but do not allow roses to completely dry out.
  • Roses love water—but don’t drown them. That is, they don’t like to sit in water, and they’ll die if the soil is too wet in winter. The ideal soil is rich and loose, with good drainage. One of the worst mistakes you can make is to not provide adequate drainage.
  • Use mulch. To help conserve water, reduce stress, and encourage healthy growth, apply a 2- to 4-inch layer of chopped and shredded leaves, grass clippings, or shredded bark around the base of your roses. Allow about 1 inch of space between the mulch and the base stem of the plant. See our Mulching Guide for more information.

pink roses

Feeding Roses

  • Artificial liquid fertilizers tend to promote plant growth that is soft and tender, and this type of foliage can attract aphids and other pests. Instead, rely on compost and natural fertilizers to feed your plants before and throughout the blooming cycle.
  • Once a month between April and July, you could apply a balanced granular fertilizer (5-10-5 or 5-10-10). Allow ¾ to 1 cup for each bush, and sprinkle it around the drip line, not against the stem. See our fertilizer guide for more information.
  • In May and June, you could scratch in an additional tablespoon of Epsom salts along with the fertilizer; the magnesium sulfate will encourage new growth from the bottom of the bush.
  • Banana peels are a good source of calcium, sulfur, magnesium, and phosphates—all things that roses like. (Note that it will take longer for your roses to reap the benefits from bananas than it would with pure soil amendments.) Here are three ways to serve them up: 
    1. Lay a strip of peel at the base of each bush.
    2. Bury a black, mushy banana next to each bush.
    3. Chop up the peels, let them sit for two weeks in a sealed jar of water, and pour the mixture under each bush.

Pruning Roses

  • When pruning, be judicious. If you prune too hard in autumn, plants can be damaged beyond recovery. Instead, wait until spring, when plants begin to leaf out for the new season. (Roses are often not the earliest plants in the garden to respond to spring’s warming temperatures, so be patient.) Give the plant time to show its leaf buds then prune above that level.
  • Destroy all old or diseased plant material. Wear elbow-length gloves that are thick enough to protect your hands from thorns or a clumsy slip, but flexible enough to allow you to hold your tools. Always wear safety goggles; branches can whip back when released.
  • Don’t cut back or move roses in summer, as they might suffer and die in the heat. Large rose canes can be cut back by as much as two thirds, and smaller ones to within 6 to 12 inches of the ground.
  • Use pruning shears for smaller growth. Use loppers, which look like giant, long-handle shears, for growth that is more than half an inch thick. A small pruning saw is handy, as it cuts on both the push and the pull.
  • Deadhead religiously and keep beds clean. Every leaf has a growth bud, so removing old flower blossoms encourages the plant to make more flowers instead of using the energy to make seeds. Remove any debris around the rose bush that can harbor disease and insects.
  • Late in the season, stop deadheading rugosas so that hips will form on the plants; these can be harvested and dried on screens, away from sunlight, then stored in an airtight container.
  • Stop deadheading all your rose bushes 3 to 4 weeks before the first hard frost so as not to encourage new growth at a time when new shoots may be damaged by the cold.
  • Not all types of roses are pruned the same way or at the same time of year. Learn more here: How to Prune Roses.

Winterizing Roses

  • Do not prune roses in the fall. Simply cut off any dead or diseased canes.
  • Clean up the rose beds to prevent overwintering of diseases. One last spray for fungus with a dormant spray is a good idea.
  • Stop fertilizing 6 weeks before the first fall frost but continue watering during dry fall weather to help keep plants healthy during a dry winter.
  • Add mulch or compost around the roses after a few frosts but before the ground freezes. Where temperatures stay below freezing during winter, enclose the plant with a sturdy mesh cylinder, filling the enclosure with compost, mulch, dry wood chips, pine needles, or chopped leaves (don’t use maple leaves for mulch, as they can promote mold growth).

White roses

Pests/Diseases

Good gardening practices, such as removing dead leaves and canes, will help reduce pests. If problems develop, horticultural oil and insecticidal soap can help control insects and mildews.

Possible rose pests and problems:

  • Japanese Beetles
  • Aphids
  • Black Spot: Rose plant leaves with black spots that eventually turn yellow have black spot. This is often caused by water splashing on leaves, especially in rainy weather. Leaves may require a protective fungicide coating, which would start in the summer before leaf spots started until first frost. Thoroughly clean up debris in the fall, and prune out all diseased canes.
  • Powdery Mildew: Leaves, buds, and stems will be covered with a white powdery coating. Mildew develops rapidly during warm, humid weather. Prevent mildew by pruning out all dead or diseased canes in the spring.
  • Botrytis Blight: This gray fungus will cause the flower buds to droop, stay closed, or turn brown. Prune off all infected blossoms and remove any dead material. Fungicide application may be necessary.
  • Spider Mites
  • Thrips
  • Rust
  • Stem Borers
  • Deer: Roses are a delectable tidbit, so try planting lavender near your roses. Not only will you have the makings of a nice potpourri, but the scent of lavender will discourage browsers. You can also spread human or dog hair around the garden area or check our list of deer-resistant plants to protect your roses.

In general, avoid rose issues by buying disease-resistant varieties and cleaning up debris, weeds, fallen leaves and any diseased plant material as soon as possible. 

Also, speak to your local Cooperative Extension or trusted nursery about a spray program with products approved in your state.

Recommended Varieties

Traditionally, roses were notoriously challenging to grow. However, roses have changed. There are now many modern easy-to-grow types of roses available. Here are some of our favorites:

  • Rugosas, with their showy, bright-pink, white, or lavender 5-petal blooms, are great for hedges and wherever a barrier is needed in an exposed or difficult site. They are disease-resistant and cold hardy to Zone 3. Many are fragrant and produce colorful hips. ‘Jens Munk’ blooms through most of the summer.
  • Pink roses such as ‘Carefree Wonder’ are well-rounded shrub roses cold hardy to Zone 5. They grow about 3 feet tall and require only a little shaping in early spring.
  • Yellow roses such as ‘Harrison’s Yellow’ blooms early, brightly, and sweetly, and will survive Zone 4 winters.
  • Hybrid musk roses grow to 5 to 6 feet tall. This shrub rose has attractive foliage and clusters of many small to medium-size flowers. ‘Buff Beauty’ has clusters of fragrant apricot-yellow blooms.
  • Flower Carpet roses are excellent for ground cover. Once established, they can provide up to 2,000 flowers from spring till fall. They’re extremely low maintenance, drought tolerant, and have exceptional disease resistance!

Flower Carpet roses
Flower Carpet Roses

See also our list of disease-resistant rose varieties.

Learn more about easy roses to grow, especially for beginners.

Wit & Wisdom

  • Roses are edible! Rose petals are brewed for tea blends and sometimes used in gargles and tonics to treat congestion, sore throats, and stomach disorders.
  • Rose water is a refreshing skin splash. Try a flower facial! Gentle, aromatic steam cleanses your pores. For oily skin, add a few rose petals to boiling water in a heatproof bowl. Make a bath towel tent and lean your face about 10 inches above the water. It should feel warm, not hot. After 10 minutes, rinse your face with cool water, then blot dry.
  • Red roses symbolize love and desire, but roses come in a variety of colors and each has their own meaning. For example, the white rose’s meaning is purity and innocence. See flower meanings.
  • Roses are also one of the beautiful June birth flowers.
  • It is believed that the cultivation of roses began about 5,000 years ago in China. 
  • During the Roman Empire, rose gardens were established in the Middle East. 
  • In the 17th century, kings and queens considered roses legal tender for purchases.
  • Roses have a long and symbolic history.

And I will make thee beds of roses,
And a thousand fragrant posies.
–Christopher Marlowe (1564-93)

Recipes

Cooking Notes

The tart reddish-orange hips of rugosa roses are used for jams, jellies, syrups, pies, teas, and wine. Check out our Rose Hip Jam recipe.

Rose petals are edible and can be tossed into salads for color, candied to decorate cakes, or distilled to make rose water. Make sure the rose petals are pesticide free.

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Reader Comments

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Wild Roses

Submitted by Kathy Jack on August 24, 2020 - 9:25pm

I have some beautiful roses in my yard. They are mostly hibred. They were orange, peach, white, Purple and yellow. All of a sudden some these roses have turned to wild roses. Why did this happen?

rose bushes gone wild

Submitted by Steve Buddy on May 25, 2020 - 2:54pm

I have five rose bushes by my porch and four of the five are going wild. I have a couple of roses on the plants but I have branches 5 1/2 ft tall. Will it hurt my roses if I cut these branches down to the same size as the rest of the plants? Also, the roses I have I had 3 red roses, a yellow rose, and a purple rose. This year I have all red roses. Could the ground that the roses are growing in cause the roses to change colors. I live on the East coast of North Carolina.

wild roses

The Editors's picture

Submitted by The Editors on May 29, 2020 - 10:01am

Wild roses typically are very thorny and sprout up new shoots near the base. If you are going to keep it and prune it, remove all the dead, decaying canes, thin the remaining canes down to just several. You will need to continually remove the spouts as they appear near the base and into the surrounding area during the summer. Each year you will need to leave a few new ones, as the older ones will need to be pruned away. This way you can maintain the size of the plant.

Should a 3 gallon rose grow more than a 1 gallon rose in 1 year?

Submitted by Rebecca carolin... on March 30, 2020 - 3:23pm

Last year (or the year before?) in zone 8b, I bought a Belinda's dream rose (in a 3 gallon container). It quickly grew very large and I love it. This year I have been keeping my eyes open for more to plant, and had a hard time. I finally found and bought some in 1 gallon containers (for $10/piece), but then was informed of a nearby nursery selling ones in 3 gallon containers (for $20/piece). At first I was inclined to return the smaller ones for the bigger ones, assuming that they would grow faster, but then I wondered if it's possible that the smaller ones might grow to the same size by the end of the summer. What do you think?

The reason I would like them to grow bigger faster is because my 4 dogs have too good of a view of all the neighborhood dogs being walked and are barking all the time.

Rose Root Space in Containers

The Editors's picture

Submitted by The Editors on March 31, 2020 - 1:26pm

Hi Rebecca,

That’s definitely a good way to keep your dogs from barking, and to give your yard a nice look! While at first the 3 gallon the 1 gallon potted roses might grow at a similar rate, as time goes on, the roses with less space (the 1 gallon ones) would grow more slowly. Their roots will become crowded and slowly stunt the growth of the roses, so It might be better to get the 3 gallon potted roses instead.

question about roses in spring time

Submitted by Mervyn on March 24, 2020 - 8:29pm

A problem: the rose bush I planted in the fall goes through the winter all right -- comes alive in the spring, turns green, seems to be happy -- and then suddenly the leaves start to brown -- and dry up -- and it's game over. This has happened a couple times. Is it a watering problem? not getting enough water?

My "fragrant" roses are not so

Submitted by Stephen on August 23, 2019 - 4:04pm

I recently moved and so had to begin a new rosebed after having an established garden at our old home. I specifically chose varieties of hybrid tea roses for my zone that were classified as VERY FRAGRANT, yet during the first year, only a few have any noticeable scent. Can I do anything to help increase the fragrance level?

Small blooms

Submitted by Tracy on August 11, 2019 - 1:23pm

I planted many rose bushes this year, but I got them in late due to all the rain in Texas (end of May). All recovered from the shock and are mostly thriving. My climber ("Pinata") has only bloomed a few times and is not growing upwards or outward at all but staying compact. Soil was amended as it was a new flower bed, and I have been fertilizing monthly with a rose fertilizer (12-6-10). Is that to be expected for the first year?
Secondly, I planted an "Angel Face" (floribunda) that is very healthy, but very small! It almost resembles a miniature rose, with lots of blooms that are only about 2" in diameter and a very compact habit. It is not even 12 inches high! Is this a result of poor root stock? It looks odd in my garden with the other full size bushes, should I replace it and pot it or will it possibly grow out of this phase?

red rose bush (hybrid)

Submitted by Marie Thompson on April 10, 2019 - 6:18pm

My rose bush has doubled in size at the base and I was wondering if I could somehow split it in half as it is to big for the area I have it in. It has been there for 9 years and need to be moved forward or split.

dividing roses

The Editors's picture

Submitted by The Editors on April 12, 2019 - 4:11pm

The dormant season (December through February) is the best time to dig and divide your rose bush. As long as each division has roots and a few stems attached, it should develop into a happy shrub.

 

Roses in growndcover

Submitted by Palmer on November 11, 2018 - 12:59pm

Can roses be planted in a groundcover of Pachysandra?

roses

Catherine Boeckmann's picture

Submitted by Catherine Boeckmann on November 13, 2018 - 10:55am

That’s a tricky one. Pachysandra prefers some shade and gets sunburnt. And roses like full sun. I’d say that pachysandra will fare well if it’s not constantly burning and it has lots of moisture. Definitely mulch. If the pachysandra dries out, you’ll have issues.

care of roses

Submitted by Irene Raftopoulos on January 29, 2019 - 4:50pm

very good info on roses i will try to plant Garlic next to them is mint good to plant next to roses since their roots spread ?

Overwintering a hybrid tea rose indoors?

Submitted by Frannie on October 26, 2018 - 4:30pm

I have a hybrid tea (Sterling Silver) rose plant in a 1 gallon plastic pot that was recently gifted to me in September. I have not had time to plant it yet, and am afraid to do so now b/c we had our first frost this week. Could you please provide me with any tips on how to overwinter it indoors? I do have one room in the house that is cooler (65 to 68 degrees, F) and has east, west and south-facing windows that I think would be ideal for overwintering the rosebush in. Do I need to repot it into a clay pot, and should I hard prune it now, or just remove any deadwood? This particular rose varietal has a lot of sentimental meaning for me, and I really want to keep it alive so that I can plant it outdoors next spring. Thanks in advance for your help!

overwintering a rose in a pot

The Editors's picture

Submitted by The Editors on October 29, 2018 - 4:13pm

The plant will become dormant—and you want it to stay that way; it is the natural state. After the first deep freeze, put is in a room or place (garage) with no heat and natural light (window). You can add some water occasionally but this is not intended to be “watering”; the plant is dormant and will not take it up but the soil can be lightly moist. Bring the plant back outside when it shows signs of coming back to life. Plant it, per the guidance above, when the soil warms.

roses that never bloom

Submitted by Patty on June 25, 2018 - 4:05pm

I have some rose bushes that have never bloomed. Other roses near by always bloom.
what can I do to make them bloom, they appear to be very healthy bushes.

Eating leafs

Submitted by dan on June 24, 2018 - 5:51pm

Something is eating my leaves on my rose bushes leaving small holes in them.

Japanese Beetles

The Editors's picture

Submitted by The Editors on June 26, 2018 - 4:05pm

Japanese beetles are a primary pest of roses. Check out our Japanese Beetles Pest Page here.

What should I do after the roses have started turning brown?

Submitted by Debra Hartman on June 13, 2018 - 3:54pm

I have a beautiful rose garden at the new home we just moved into. The roses have bloomed are beginning to turn brown and curl up. How do I prune the bush? Or should I just leave them alone?

how to prune roses

The Editors's picture

Submitted by The Editors on June 14, 2018 - 12:12pm

There are different types of roses; you need to know which you’ve got. With that, here is some guidance:

HYBRIDS AND FLORIBUNDAS. Repeat-flowering roses
generally bloom on new wood and need a good clearing out
and cutting back very early in spring before they start greening
up and branching. About the time forsythias bloom, take
out all the dead wood, crossing canes, and spindly growth.
Then shape and prune back everything else, taking into account
the style of the garden and the size and nature of the
variety. Cut back old wood about 30 to 40 percent before
growth begins in late winter. Always cut to a live bud pointing
away from the center of the shrub to encourage outward
growth. Start deadheading after the first flush of flowers, and
continue throughout the summer to encourage more blooms.
■ SPECIES, OLD ROSES, AND ONCE-BLOOMING
SHRUB ROSES. Generally hardier than other roses, these
more primitive types bloom first on old wood in June; rebloomers
repeat on the current season’s growth. Remove diseased,
broken, or dead branches in early spring. After flowering,
prune lightly and selectively to shape the bushes and
control growth.
■ CLIMBING AND RAMBLING ROSES. These tend to
bloom on old wood. It’s fine to remove winter-killed branches
or otherwise damaged wood early in the year, but defer your
annual pruning until early summer, after the peak of bloom.
Prune to remove undesirable canes and to shape and train
growth. Side branches tend to flower more heavily than central
leaders.

yellow leaves . . .

The Editors's picture

Submitted by The Editors on June 14, 2018 - 12:13pm

See the pests/disease advice above. It is difficult to be certain what it might be.

roses and rose leaves

Submitted by Virgie Evans on September 22, 2019 - 10:23pm

Our roses are beautiful in the spring but in early summer the leaves start to curl and turn brown with brown and yellow spots on the leaves.
The branches on the climbing roses get spindly, leaves turn brown and yellow, flowers are small, sometimes never bloom. We live in southern Utah which is very dry and hot during the peak of summer. They may die before fall. We spend to much money to allow that. What can we do to keep them fresh looking and healthy?

Overgrown Rose bush

Submitted by MaryBeth on June 9, 2018 - 8:06pm

I have a beautiful rose bush that is quite overgrown (over 6ft tall) and hanging over a sidewalk. Is it possible to cut the top off and replant in another location? Or should I just plan to stake it and tie it back? Please help!

prune or replant?

The Editors's picture

Submitted by The Editors on June 14, 2018 - 12:16pm

First, see the pruning tips in the comments immediate above this one. If you decide to transplant, consider this: Roses can be cut back and moved in either spring or fall, but
not in midsummer, as they might suffer and die in the heat. Large rose canes can be cut back by as much as two thirds, and smaller ones to within 6 to 12 inches of the ground.

When you transplant your roses, be sure to dig a much bigger hole than you think you need (for most types, the planting hole should be about 15 to 18 inches wide), and add plenty of organic matter such as compost or aged manure. This will feed your plant in the years ahead. Some old-timers recommend placing a 4-inch square of gypsum wallboard and a 16-penny nail in the hole to provide calcium and iron, both appreciated by roses.

Transplanted in bloom, think I liked it

Submitted by Rena Fields on June 3, 2018 - 7:35pm

I bought hybrid tea roses last year. Not long after the first blooms, we moved one because it was interfering with the sprinkler system. It looked unhappy at first, but continued to bloom throughout the season. This year, it does not have so much as one leaf, no new foliage whatsoever, however, there is still green inside the stem towards the base of the cane. Is it done for, or is there a chance it will come back in it's second rear?

moved a rose

The Editors's picture

Submitted by The Editors on June 14, 2018 - 12:27pm

Numerous things could be influencing the plant, from soil quality (do you amend and or feed/fertilize it?) to the circumstances of the move. It’s best to transplant roses in spring or ofall, not midsummer. and the new location should have plenty of organic matter/aged manure (these are amendments, per above). And then there’s watering … . So we really can not tell from here.

Rose Bushes

Submitted by Katherine Henry on May 28, 2018 - 3:45pm

I have two tea cup rose bushes they are about 4 years old they have always had
very large roses,this year they are very tiny,they have had fertilizer on them I really
need your help!!!

roses not blooming

The Editors's picture

Submitted by The Editors on June 1, 2018 - 4:05pm

Hi Katherine, You may have hit the reason. One of the most common reasons for roses not blooming well is the use of high nitrogen fertilizers or the over use of them. This will result in few to no blooms or small blooms and lots of foliage. Use a well balanced food or fertilizer when feeding your roses so that all of the rose’s nutritional needs are met.

Another issue can be high temperatures and heat and the resulting stress. Keep an eye on the soil moisture around your roses and make sure it’s moist several inches down.

Finally, there are bigger issues that could be at stake from insect damage to disease; give your roses bushes and good look for any damage. If not, it’s probably related to fertilizing or stress/heat/watering.
 

Transplanting a mature rose bush

Submitted by Brenda Hogan on May 4, 2018 - 4:00pm

Last week I transplanted a mature rose bush and it is looking bad. Some of the leaves have turned yellow. Help please.

Pages

Growing Roses

Botanical Name Rosa
Plant Type Flower
Sun Exposure Full Sun
Soil Type Loamy
Soil pH Slightly Acidic to Neutral
Bloom Time Spring, Summer, Fall
Flower Color Orange, Pink, Red, White, Yellow
Hardiness Zones Varies
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