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Tomato Hornworms: How to Identify, Control, and Prevent Them

Image Credit:
Amanda Hill
Written By: Catherine Boeckmann Executive Digital Editor and Master Gardener

Big, green, and hungry—tomato hornworms can wipe out your tomato crop almost overnight. These giant caterpillars love to feast on tomato leaves and fruit, and they won’t stop there. Peppers, eggplants, and potatoes are also on their menu.

”This one is nobody’s friend if you’re a gardener and like to grow tomatoes,” says entomologist Jeff Smith, curator of the Bohart Museum of Entomology’s Lepidoptera collection.

The good news is that these pests are easy to spot once you know what to look for, and they can be controlled without resorting to harsh chemicals. In this guide, learn how to identify tomato hornworms, understand their life cycle, and discover effective natural ways to get rid of them—plus tips to keep them from coming back next year.

🐛 Hornworms munching your tomatoes? Our Almanac Garden Club members get exclusive pest guides, expert webinars, and practical tips to protect their crops. Protect Your Garden Now.

What Are Tomato Hornworms?

If you’ve ever walked out to your tomato plants and found bare stems where lush foliage used to be, chances are hornworms were at work.

  • The tomato hornworm (Manduca quinquemaculata) and the closely related tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) are garden pests found throughout most of the U.S. and southern Canada.
  • Both species feed on plants in the nightshade family (Solanaceae): tomatoes, eggplants, peppers, tobacco, and potatoes.
  • Because of their size and appetite, a small number of hornworms can defoliate plants quickly.

These pests are the larval stage of large night-flying moths (sphinx or hawk moths).

Tomato Hornworm crawling on a tomato vine.
Tomato troublemaker in action—meet the tomato hornworm! Photo by Amanda Hill.

Identification

How to Identify Tomato Hornworms

Look for big, green worms on tomato plants! Hornworms are some of the largest caterpillars in the garden. Key features include:

  • Color: Pale green with V-shaped white markings along the body
  • Horn: Dark, pointed “horn” protruding from the rear
  • Camouflage: Blends almost perfectly with tomato leaves, making them tricky to spot
  • Size: Can reach up to 4–5 inches in length

Tip: Inspect your tomato plants daily. Check the undersides of leaves for eggs and watch for early signs of feeding damage.

Tomato Hornworm vs. Tobacco Hornworm

Both species damage tomato plants, but here’s how to tell them apart:

  • Tomato hornworm: White V-shaped markings; black horn
  • Tobacco hornworm: Diagonal white stripes with black spots; red horn
tobacco hornworm
Can you tell which hornworm this is? 
(It’s a tobacco hornworm! Notice the white stripes with dotted black lines and a red “horn.”) 

Signs of Tomato Hornworm Damage

  • Chewed or missing leaves, often starting at the top of the plant
  • Wilted stems and bare stalks
  • Dark green droppings (frass) on leaves or soil
  • Chewed fruit and sunscald on tomatoes (caused by loss of leaf cover)

Tomato Hornworm Life Cycle

Understanding the life cycle helps you prevent infestations:

  1. Eggs: Laid on undersides of leaves in late spring; hatch within 1 week
  2. Larvae (hornworms): Feed heavily for 3–4 weeks
  3. Pupae: Burrow into soil to overwinter in a cocoon
  4. Adult moths: Five-spotted hawk moths emerge in spring to repeat the cycle

In warmer regions, there may be two generations per year.

Tomato hornworm moth (female)
Tomato hornworm moth (female). Look out for the moths in late spring. Photo by Didier Descouens/Wikimedia Commons.

Control and Prevention

How to Get Rid of Tomato Hornworms

1. Handpicking

  • The most effective method for small gardens:
  • Check plants daily and remove caterpillars by hand
  • Drop them in soapy water, or feed them to backyard chickens

2. Use Organic Controls

  • Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt): A safe, natural bacterium that kills young caterpillars (must be ingested).
  • Neem oil or insecticidal soap: Can work on small caterpillars, but less effective on large hornworms

3. Encourage Natural Predators

  • Parasitic wasps lay eggs on hornworms (you may see white cocoons attached)
  • Ladybugs, green lacewings, and birds also feed on eggs and larvae

If you find a hornworm covered with white cocoons, leave it—the wasps will do the control work for you

A tobacco hornworm covered with parasitic wasp eggs.
Nature’s drama! A tobacco hornworm becomes a nursery for parasitic wasps.

How to Prevent Hornworm Infestations

  • Till soil in fall or spring to destroy overwintering pupae (up to 90% mortality)
  • Rotate crops—avoid planting tomatoes in the same spot year after year
  • Use companion planting: Interplant dill or basil to deter pests; plant marigolds at borders
  • Attract  beneficial insects  by planting nectar-rich flowers

Frequently Asked Questions

Do tomato hornworms bite?
No. They look intimidating, but they cannot sting or bite humans.

What does a tomato hornworm turn into?
A large five-spotted hawk moth, also called a sphinx or hummingbird moth.

When do tomato hornworms appear?
Eggs are laid in late spring, and larvae are most destructive from June through August.

Can tomato hornworms eat other plants?
Yes. They also feed on peppers, potatoes, eggplants, and tobacco.

More Help for Gardeners: See our Garden Pest and Disease Library for tips on other common problems.

Do you have tomato hornworms? How do you handle them in the garden?

Garden Pests

About The Author

Catherine Boeckmann

Catherine Boeckmann

Executive Digital Editor and Master Gardener

Catherine Boeckmann loves nature, stargazing, and gardening so it’s not surprising that she and The Old Farmer’s Almanac found each other. She leads digital content for the Almanac website, and is also a certified master gardener in the state of Indiana.

Read more from Catherine Boeckmann

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Comments

<span>Jim</span> Wed, 05/23/2018 - 10:51
After picking off what worms i could find i sprayed a solution of dawn & water on my tomato plant leaves. Now the leaves are turning brown & the whole plant is looking poorly. Also what blooms there were are falling off. I thought this was supposed to be a safe way to rid the plants of worms. I think i have lost all my tomato plants. Any ideas??
<span>Kenn</span> Thu, 09/06/2018 - 15:51
I did the same with similar result. Lost several tomato, jalapeno, and Italian pepper plants to the soap mix while trying to combat the worms. I was told later to only use a very small ratio of soap to water. This is my first year gardening so I expected a learning curve. Next time I try this I will do a small test area on a single plant.
<span>Mary Humphrey</span> Sun, 07/15/2018 - 21:23
Don't use dawn it is to harsh , if they use it to take oil off of birds etc imagine what it would do to a tomato plant! yikes . I use Thuricide Bt Caterpillar control. I also use pure Neem oil and Dr Bronners Pure Castile liquid soap.
<span>Rosa Shambley</span> Tue, 06/18/2019 - 16:12
put a sticky tape around plant at where it comes out of ground . put it on there with sticky on outside . it helps a lot
<span>Tomato Lover</span> Mon, 07/02/2018 - 08:14
The leaves may have gotten burnt. You don't want to have wet leaves getting scalded by the sun. Pick off or cut off the brown leaves. See if the plants gain strength.
<span>Dan</span> Sun, 07/29/2018 - 21:00
Do not spray dish soap spray on a sunny day it will burn up your plants recommended for cloudy days
<span>Tamara</span> Sat, 04/21/2018 - 20:33
I go out after dark with a flashlight and a pair of scissors. I just cut them in half and let the good bugs have dinner on me. Just one thing if you see a similar looking worm on your dill please don't kill it because it's swallowtail butterfly. I plant dill in various areas of my yard just for them.
<span>John Mcdonald</span> Sat, 06/30/2018 - 23:51
First year growing in containers and hope for a better yield. Last year due to excessive rain when growing in back yard I experienced cracked and bottom rot fruit so I went to containers to allow moving plants to control moisture. For insect repellent I read to mix in a cup of hot water a tablespoon of Baking Soda, oil I used olive oil though something called fern oil is directed and only a drop of dawn dish soap only to emulsify oil into solution for spraying. Once the cup is mixed pour into sprayer with water. Shake well and I always try to use water that has sat dormant for a day or two so any chlorine residuals are dissipated. I love and been growing home grown tomatoes for years and must enjoy the challenge and learning more about gardening because for the time and effort spent over the years it would be cheaper buying them from the local farmers market. Do to the deer, rabbits, raccoons, and birds I now have a potable fencing system.
<span>William Bacon</span> Sat, 07/14/2018 - 23:49
Blossom-end rot - rot on the bottom of the tomato - could be a result of insufficient calcium in the soil. Crushed eggshells break down and replenish the calcium in the soil.
<span>Wendy</span> Tue, 07/31/2018 - 05:20
Tried this on my squash this year and very pleased. Crush tums (2 per gallon) and add to a gallon of water...works great to add calcium with very little cost.