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Tomato Hornworms: How to Identify, Control, and Prevent Them

Image Credit:
Amanda Hill
Written By: Catherine Boeckmann Executive Digital Editor and Master Gardener

Big, green, and hungry—tomato hornworms can wipe out your tomato crop almost overnight. These giant caterpillars love to feast on tomato leaves and fruit, and they won’t stop there. Peppers, eggplants, and potatoes are also on their menu.

”This one is nobody’s friend if you’re a gardener and like to grow tomatoes,” says entomologist Jeff Smith, curator of the Bohart Museum of Entomology’s Lepidoptera collection.

The good news is that these pests are easy to spot once you know what to look for, and they can be controlled without resorting to harsh chemicals. In this guide, learn how to identify tomato hornworms, understand their life cycle, and discover effective natural ways to get rid of them—plus tips to keep them from coming back next year.

🐛 Hornworms munching your tomatoes? Our Almanac Garden Club members get exclusive pest guides, expert webinars, and practical tips to protect their crops. Protect Your Garden Now.

What Are Tomato Hornworms?

If you’ve ever walked out to your tomato plants and found bare stems where lush foliage used to be, chances are hornworms were at work.

  • The tomato hornworm (Manduca quinquemaculata) and the closely related tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) are garden pests found throughout most of the U.S. and southern Canada.
  • Both species feed on plants in the nightshade family (Solanaceae): tomatoes, eggplants, peppers, tobacco, and potatoes.
  • Because of their size and appetite, a small number of hornworms can defoliate plants quickly.

These pests are the larval stage of large night-flying moths (sphinx or hawk moths).

Tomato Hornworm crawling on a tomato vine.
Tomato troublemaker in action—meet the tomato hornworm! Photo by Amanda Hill.

Identification

How to Identify Tomato Hornworms

Look for big, green worms on tomato plants! Hornworms are some of the largest caterpillars in the garden. Key features include:

  • Color: Pale green with V-shaped white markings along the body
  • Horn: Dark, pointed “horn” protruding from the rear
  • Camouflage: Blends almost perfectly with tomato leaves, making them tricky to spot
  • Size: Can reach up to 4–5 inches in length

Tip: Inspect your tomato plants daily. Check the undersides of leaves for eggs and watch for early signs of feeding damage.

Tomato Hornworm vs. Tobacco Hornworm

Both species damage tomato plants, but here’s how to tell them apart:

  • Tomato hornworm: White V-shaped markings; black horn
  • Tobacco hornworm: Diagonal white stripes with black spots; red horn
tobacco hornworm
Can you tell which hornworm this is? 
(It’s a tobacco hornworm! Notice the white stripes with dotted black lines and a red “horn.”) 

Signs of Tomato Hornworm Damage

  • Chewed or missing leaves, often starting at the top of the plant
  • Wilted stems and bare stalks
  • Dark green droppings (frass) on leaves or soil
  • Chewed fruit and sunscald on tomatoes (caused by loss of leaf cover)

Tomato Hornworm Life Cycle

Understanding the life cycle helps you prevent infestations:

  1. Eggs: Laid on undersides of leaves in late spring; hatch within 1 week
  2. Larvae (hornworms): Feed heavily for 3–4 weeks
  3. Pupae: Burrow into soil to overwinter in a cocoon
  4. Adult moths: Five-spotted hawk moths emerge in spring to repeat the cycle

In warmer regions, there may be two generations per year.

Tomato hornworm moth (female)
Tomato hornworm moth (female). Look out for the moths in late spring. Photo by Didier Descouens/Wikimedia Commons.

Control and Prevention

How to Get Rid of Tomato Hornworms

1. Handpicking

  • The most effective method for small gardens:
  • Check plants daily and remove caterpillars by hand
  • Drop them in soapy water, or feed them to backyard chickens

2. Use Organic Controls

  • Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt): A safe, natural bacterium that kills young caterpillars (must be ingested).
  • Neem oil or insecticidal soap: Can work on small caterpillars, but less effective on large hornworms

3. Encourage Natural Predators

  • Parasitic wasps lay eggs on hornworms (you may see white cocoons attached)
  • Ladybugs, green lacewings, and birds also feed on eggs and larvae

If you find a hornworm covered with white cocoons, leave it—the wasps will do the control work for you

A tobacco hornworm covered with parasitic wasp eggs.
Nature’s drama! A tobacco hornworm becomes a nursery for parasitic wasps.

How to Prevent Hornworm Infestations

  • Till soil in fall or spring to destroy overwintering pupae (up to 90% mortality)
  • Rotate crops—avoid planting tomatoes in the same spot year after year
  • Use companion planting: Interplant dill or basil to deter pests; plant marigolds at borders
  • Attract  beneficial insects  by planting nectar-rich flowers

Frequently Asked Questions

Do tomato hornworms bite?
No. They look intimidating, but they cannot sting or bite humans.

What does a tomato hornworm turn into?
A large five-spotted hawk moth, also called a sphinx or hummingbird moth.

When do tomato hornworms appear?
Eggs are laid in late spring, and larvae are most destructive from June through August.

Can tomato hornworms eat other plants?
Yes. They also feed on peppers, potatoes, eggplants, and tobacco.

More Help for Gardeners: See our Garden Pest and Disease Library for tips on other common problems.

Do you have tomato hornworms? How do you handle them in the garden?

Garden Pests

About The Author

Catherine Boeckmann

Catherine Boeckmann

Executive Digital Editor and Master Gardener

Catherine Boeckmann loves nature, stargazing, and gardening so it’s not surprising that she and The Old Farmer’s Almanac found each other. She leads digital content for the Almanac website, and is also a certified master gardener in the state of Indiana.

Read more from Catherine Boeckmann

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Comments

<span>Ben Perry, Jr.</span> Tue, 06/18/2019 - 07:58
Tomato and Tobacco Horn Worms make great fish bait. Just place their heads on the pointy end of the fishhook and turn the wrong side out. Bream, Crappie, and Bass love them and it's a good way to get rid of them while catching fish for dinner.
<span>Penny</span> Thu, 09/19/2019 - 03:37
I never knew that but sure will try them from now on. I have four tomato and bell pepper plants this year and have pulled off around ten of these green worms! Fishing here I come!
<span>Jackie</span> Sat, 06/01/2019 - 03:48
I'm a long time gardener, and have picked plenty of these guys off tomatoes in July or August, but I'm stumped. Today we found a huge one that had eaten nearly all the leaves off two small perennial geranium plants I was getting ready to plant in my garden. I've never seen them this early before, or eating plants other than tomatoes. Has anyone else had this happen to them? Quite a curiosity for me.
<span>Maddie</span> Thu, 06/20/2019 - 13:11
I live in western North Carolina and I picked 4 off of my tomatoes this week. I planted this tomatoes in pots from last year so i don't know if there were eggs in the soil from last year. They sure are destructive.
<a title="View user profile." href="/author/editors">The Editors</a> Tue, 06/04/2019 - 11:41

This is news. Mind you, we would never second-guess a long-time gardener who knows his hornworms but...could it have been a cabbage looper? These small green critters do eat geraniums; we can't find evidence of hornworms consuming them. Can anybody comment further??

 <span>Nancy Taylor</span> Fri, 05/31/2019 - 09:52
My mother-in-law Mary Joe Taylor taught me this - When you plant the seeds or the young plants put a Large WHITE Styrofoam or Paper cup with the bottom cut out in the hole so that it is up about 4" out of the ground and put the plant in the cup. Make sure you have at least 4" above ground level of the white cup. These worms are like crickets "They won't cross white" ! Make sure that NONE of the limbs on your tomato plant touch the soil as the worms will cheat and use those leaves to climb up to the plant and then your efforts are for naught. I think that trick with the WHITE cup works on other plants as well as other pest like maybe the cutworm. Try it - I haven't had cutworms in years since using this trick!
<a title="View user profile." href="/author/editors">The Editors</a> Tue, 06/04/2019 - 11:44

Thank you, Nancy, on behalf of tomato lovers everywhere!

 <span>Chuck Harris</span> Sun, 04/21/2019 - 04:26
This is my 4th year growing tomatoes. Tomato Hornworms are a problem every year. I am determined to be their nemesis. We use tomato cages and the moths often lay their eggs on leaves near the metal of the cage. I suppose they use the cage for support sometimes. The moths can be largish and the metal of the cages offers more support than tomato leaves. The eggs are usually on the underside of the leaves, but not always. So looking for eggs near the cage metal can be quite productive. Rolling eggs off of a leaf is usually fairly easy and considerably less gross than dealing with the hornworms. Of course, the moths lay elsewhere, so keep an eye out for telltale damage. Cheers!
<span>Ken</span> Mon, 04/08/2019 - 20:41
Do you step on them?
<span>Jeffrey Anthon…</span> Fri, 07/19/2019 - 16:38
Crushed them with your boot heal. Messy but effective, also gets your anger out for the damage they do!